How did the struggle for the revival of the greatness of France take place? Detailed answer

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How did the struggle for the revival of the greatness of France take place? Detailed answer

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How did the struggle for the revival of the greatness of France take place?

In December 1958 Charles de Gaulle was elected President of France. Under the new Constitution, which laid the foundation for the Fifth Republic, de Gaulle received wide powers: he had the functions of head of state, supreme commander. He appointed the prime minister and ministers, without his signature no law could come into force. De Gaulle concentrated all power in his hands.

The most acute problem that Charles de Gaulle immediately had to face was the ongoing war in Algeria. Having overcome the resistance of the ultra-colonialists and suppressed the rebellion of the army command in Algeria, de Gaulle began negotiations with the Algerian Republic, and in March 1962 an agreement was signed in Evian on granting independence to Algeria.

The end of the war in Algeria allowed de Gaulle to intensify his actions on solving the socio-economic problems inherited from the Fourth Republic. The president understood that it was unrealistic to fight for the revival of the greatness of France without relying on an economic foundation. Therefore, in France, priority has been given to ensuring high rates of economic growth. De Gaulle associated the solution of this problem with the activation of the role of the state in stimulating economic development. In France, in those years, methods of socio-economic planning began to be used, the state sought to influence the sphere of finance in the direction it needed, to introduce advanced technologies into production, and to encourage scientific and technological progress.

Favorable changes in the economy also affected the social sphere. In the 1960s there has been a significant improvement in the level and quality of life of the population. Wages increased by 25%, paid holidays increased, the scope of the social security system expanded. The sphere of education has become more accessible to the general population.

The end of the war in Algeria changed the balance of power on the political scene. The positions of the ultra-right forces have sharply weakened. This led to the fact that the fear of a coup d'état disappeared in society and, consequently, the need to trust the fate of the state to a strong personality.

These circumstances contributed to the growth of the opposition and the intensification of its activities. Faced with the growth of the ranks of the opposition, Charles de Gaulle decided to try to further strengthen the role of the president in the political life of France. He proposed introducing direct presidential elections. He submitted this plan to a referendum held in October 1962. The president's idea was supported by the majority of the country's population. In an effort to consolidate his success, de Gaulle called new elections to the National Assembly. The President's plan succeeded. De Gaulle again won a victory and held positions of power for a relatively long time.

But in 1968 France was suddenly hit by a political hurricane. The root cause of the most acute crisis, which threatened to blow up the foundations of the Fifth Republic, was the speeches of radical students. The conflict between the students and the administration of the Sorbonne University ended in bloody clashes between the parties. This event shook the whole country. Trade unions and other left-wing forces came to the defense of the students. In May 1968 a powerful strike movement began.

De Gaulle managed to maintain control over the situation and even won again in the 1968 parliamentary elections. But to stabilize the situation, it was necessary to make adjustments to the political course. De Gaulle conceived a series of reforms to soften the class struggle and replace it with class cooperation, providing for the participation of workers in the management of enterprises. The beginning of the reforms was supposed to be laid by the draft law on the restructuring of local self-government bodies, drawn up in the spirit of "participation". To emphasize the importance of the bill, de Gaulle submitted it to a referendum and announced that if it was rejected, he would resign. But as a result of a referendum held in 1969, the majority of voters rejected the bill. De Gaulle immediately resigned the presidency and retired from the political scene.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

When were windmills first used?

A windmill is a machine that does work using the energy of the wind. Most often, windmills are used for threshing grain or pumping water. A wind-driven wheel, called a wind wheel, consists of several precisely balanced (balanced) wings, or sails, that radiate in all directions from the axis of the shaft. When the wind blows on the wings, the wind wheel spins and turns the shaft. This rotating force is transmitted through the dozer gears to the parts of the machine that do the work.

The principle of operation of windmills has been known since antiquity, but only from the XNUMXth century did they begin to spread throughout Europe and found wide application. The earliest types of windmills, called axial or German mills, were mounted on a vertical pole around which it could be turned so that the wind wheel was facing the wind.

Tower mills, or Danish mills, had a completely different look, in which the base was fixed, and the wind wheel and shaft were mounted on a rotating tower. The power ranged from 2 to 8 horsepower for German-type mills and from 6 to 14 horsepower for Danish-type mills. Half of the power was lost in moving the mill itself, so these were not very efficient mechanisms. They were not widely used until the steam engine was invented in the XNUMXth century.

The exception was the Netherlands - there were about 8 thousand windmills there in the XNUMXth century. Small windmills for pumping water were very popular in the United States in the XNUMXth century. They were built for watering, household needs or for irrigation.

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