What happened in France in the post-war period? Detailed answer

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What happened in France in the post-war period? Detailed answer

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What happened in France in the post-war period?

Already in the course of the liberation of France from the German occupiers, power in the country passed to the Provisional Government, in whose activities all the main forces of the Resistance movement, including the Communists, participated. General Charles de Gaulle became the head of the Provisional Government. It was the Provisional Government that had to solve the priority tasks related to the restoration of statehood and the transition to peaceful life. France had to find the optimal form of the political organization of societies, to enshrine it in the new Constitution.

It was these questions that found themselves at the center of the political struggle in the first post-war years. The collapse of the Third Republic, the collapse of the Vichy regime gave a powerful impetus to the party-political regrouping in France. Active participation in the resistance movement predetermined the strengthening of the left forces - communists and socialists. Conversely, the right-wing forces that collaborated with the Vichy regime withdrew from active political activity.

The leading bourgeois parties of the pre-war period united in a new party - the Republican Party of Freedom. But the MRP party (People's Republican Movement), founded in 1944, claimed the leading political positions in the country. She stressed the need for structural reforms, including the partial nationalization of banks and key industrial enterprises, as well as the development of social partnerships to create an "association of labor and capital."

Such a configuration of political forces predetermined the results of the first post-war elections, held in October 1945, in which the deputies of the Constituent Assembly were elected. This body was to develop and adopt a new Constitution. As a result of the elections, the communists, the MRP and the socialists won. It was decided to create a coalition government headed by de Gaulle. However, disagreements soon arose between the main political forces. In January 1946, after a conflict over military appropriations, de Gaulle announced his resignation.

The new coalition government was headed by the socialist F. Guen. At that time, the issue of adopting a new Constitution was in the center of attention. The government's proposals were opposed by right-wing forces and centrists. After that, re-elections of the Constituent Assembly took place. Its structure has changed somewhat: representatives of the MRP have strengthened their positions. The leader of the MRP, J. Bidault, took over as head of government. This time, the leading political forces managed to coordinate their positions on the text of the new Constitution. In October 1946 it was approved and France received a new constitution.

France established a parliamentary republic. The country entered the history of the development of the Fourth Republic. From that time until the fall of the Fourth Republic, governments were formed on the basis of a coalition of a number of parties. The multi-party system was one of the reasons for the instability of the regime - about 12 cabinets were replaced in 15 years. Another reason for the growing crisis of the republic over the years was the colonial wars waged by the ruling circles of the country: in Vietnam in 1946-1954, in Algeria since 1954.

Despite political instability, by 1948 France had brought industrial production to the pre-war level. We had to solve new problems of modernizing the economy. But the country had problems in implementing social development plans. This led to increased social tension.

The internal political situation was also complicated by the war in Algeria, where the French army could not cope with the national liberation movement that was gaining momentum.

On May 13, 1958, the ultra-colonialists mutinied in Algeria, seized power there, and demanded that power be transferred to General de Gaulle. He declared that he was ready to take full responsibility for the state of affairs in France, subject to the granting of emergency powers to him and the revision of the Constitution of 1946. France was on the verge of civil war. Under these conditions, the current politicians decided to accept de Gaulle's conditions. Thus ended the period of the Fourth Republic.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

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