What were the results of the First World War for Latin American countries? Detailed answer

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What were the results of the First World War for Latin American countries? Detailed answer

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What were the results of the First World War for Latin American countries?

The First World War accelerated the further capitalist development of the countries of Latin America. The influx of European goods and capital temporarily decreased. Prices on the world market for raw materials and food products of the countries of the region increased. Prices for Cuban sugar increased, for example, 11 times. This contributed to the accumulation of capital, the growth of local production, and relatively stable rates of economic development. During the war years, for example, about 6 new industrial enterprises sprang up in Brazil.

In the 1920s the conjuncture on the world market, favorable for the goods of Latin America, remained. However, economic growth continued to be based mainly on extensive factors. The dominance of latifundism in the countryside, the orientation of production to the external market, and dependence on foreign capital remained characteristic.

Politically, Latin American states in the 1920s were in most cases republics rather in name only. The masses of the illiterate population, especially outside the major economic and cultural centers, did not participate in the elections and could not constitute a proper "civil society" and the social basis for a representative democracy.

In the more backward countries of the region, the republican façade was covered by authoritarian and dictatorial conservative regimes ruled for many years by autocratic dictators - "caudillos".

In the more developed capitalist republics - Argentina, Chile, Uruguay - after the war, conservative oligarchic regimes were replaced by constitutional liberal-democratic governments. The reforms adopted by these governments (and also in Mexico after the revolution of 1910-1917) became a new phenomenon in the history of the region.

Liberal reformism here expressed the interests of the strengthened local bourgeoisie, as well as the broader masses of the population - the petty-bourgeois, middle strata, to a certain extent, the working people. It developed under the influence of the reformism of the leading capitalist powers of the early twentieth century. - the era of the establishment of industrial capitalism.

Reformist governments paid great attention to social policy. Their activities in this direction were stimulated by the rise of the labor movement in Latin American countries.

The region was not spared by the economic crisis of the 1930s. During the years of the crisis, the demand for traditional products of Latin America fell sharply. This led to the ruin of huge masses of manufacturers. The country was engulfed in unemployment. The economic crisis has led to increased social instability and violent political change. In a number of countries, the forces of the right opposition have become more active. At the same time, events developed differently in different countries. In Argentina, for example, as a result of a military coup, conservative groups came to power. In Brazil, on the contrary, the crisis shook the position of the "coffee" oligarchy that ruled here, which was used by the opposition bourgeois-nationalist circles. The bourgeois revolution of 1930 put an end to the oligarchic regime.

In Colombia in the same year, the conservative oligarchic regime was replaced by a liberal-reformist one. Chile and Cuba in the early 1930s. as a result of revolutionary mass demonstrations, dictatorial regimes collapsed.

State regulation of the economy in Latin American countries in the 1930s. expressed in the introduction of high protectionist duties on imports and other forms of stimulating economic development: the provision of loans, subsidies, financial and tax benefits to local entrepreneurs, the development of the public sector.

These measures coincided in time with similar measures in the developed countries of Western Europe and North America and were carried out not without their influence.

An important problem in the interwar period for the countries of Latin America was their relationship with the United States. During World War I, the US increased its penetration into Central and South America. But later, fearing the growth of anti-American sentiment and seeking to consolidate its influence in the region, the United States switched to a policy of good neighborly cooperation.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Why is it necessary to take into account its group when transfusing blood?

Doctors have been giving blood transfusions to patients since ancient times. There was a time when they even tried to transfuse blood from an animal to people who suffered from a large blood loss, but it always ended badly. Transfusion of even human blood often led to the death of the patient, so there was a time when laws forbade doctors to perform this procedure.

In the last decade of the 1868th century, the Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner (1943-XNUMX) discovered that the blood of different people can be divided into groups and that there are groups that are incompatible with one another. He found that sometimes when one person's whole blood is mixed in a test tube with the blood serum of another person (serum is the liquid part of the blood left after red blood cells and clotting factors have been removed from it), the red blood cells of the whole blood stick together.

If this happens during a transfusion, the clumped red blood cells will clog the blood vessels and stop blood flow, which can lead to the death of the patient. This, however, does not always happen: sometimes the mixing of blood does not lead to the formation of dangerous clusters of cells.

In 1900, Landsteiner published the results of his research, laying the foundation for modern transfusiology, the science of blood transfusion. According to modern concepts, there are 4 main groups of human blood: A, B, AB and 0.

Each person's blood belongs to only one of these groups. If the blood of two people belongs to the same group, it can be transfused from one to another without any risk. Moreover, group 0 can be transfused to people with other groups (A, B, and AB), and groups A and B can be transfused to group AB. But if you transfuse blood of group AB to people with blood types A or B, or transfuse the blood of people with groups A or B to each other, or transfuse a person who has blood type 0, the blood of any other group, then this will lead to aggregation of red blood cells.

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Alternative to silicon for microcircuits 15.08.2017

Researchers at Stanford University have identified a potential replacement for silicon in the chips of the future: two semiconductor materials that can form thin films and oxidize. These are diselenides of hafnium and zirconium.

According to scientists, these materials can be used to make workable electronic circuits as thin as three atoms, which is impossible in the case of silicon. The thickness of such circuits is approximately 0,6-0,7 nm, while silicon transistors with a thickness of less than 5 nm cannot be made operational, since when the size of the elements decreases, the properties of the material change in an undesirable way.

An important advantage of hafnium and zirconium diselenides, which makes them related to silicon, is the ability to oxidize, forming an insulator film. Moreover, in terms of dielectric constant, this film surpasses silicon dioxide. Other semiconductors have to be covered with a dielectric layer, which is associated with additional technical difficulties.

To operate, electronic devices made of new materials will require even less energy than circuits made of silicon. More specifically, the band gap of hafnium and zirconium diselenides, like silicon, is in the optimal range: if it were narrower, high leakage currents would prevent reliable operation, and if it were wider, power consumption would increase.

The researchers acknowledge that there are still issues that need to be addressed before the new materials can be used. One is the electrical connections between transistors that are only three atoms thick.

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