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How did the map of Europe change after the First World War? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? How did the map of Europe change after the First World War? After an armistice was signed in the Compiegne Forest on November 11, 1918, and Germany admitted defeat, the victorious powers faced the problems of a post-war settlement. This question was extremely relevant, since by the time the war ended, four empires had collapsed at once, occupying most of Central and Eastern Europe. On their ruins, several revolutions broke out at once. The situation threatened to spiral out of control. The final terms of the peace treaty with Germany were determined at the Paris Peace Conference of the victorious countries, which began to work on January 18, 1919. The key role in the work of the conference was played by the great powers that formed the backbone of the Entente. The problem of a post-war settlement turned out to be quite complicated, since each of the leading victorious powers had its own interests, which by no means always coincided. France took the toughest stance. She sought the maximum weakening of Germany, even her dismemberment. French diplomats demanded that the Saar coal basin and German lands on the left bank of the Rhine be annexed to France. In addition, France expected to receive its share in the division of the colonies of its defeated opponents. London took a softer position. By the start of the Paris Conference, the UK had already implemented a number of its plans. Germany ceased to be her rival at sea and a serious competitor in world markets. The weakening of Germany was unprofitable for Great Britain, as this could lead to the strengthening of the position of France. A relatively strong Germany was also necessary as a barrier against the spread of Bolshevik ideas in Europe. The US position was officially stated in the "14 points of Wilson". The American president was particularly interested in the idea of creating the League of Nations, an international peacekeeping organization in which the United States hoped to play a leading role. The American delegation advocated moderation in its demands on Germany in order to prevent the superiority of France and England in post-war Europe. On June 28, 1919, the final text of the peace treaty with Germany was signed at the Palace of Versailles. Peace conditions for Germany were difficult. There has been a significant change in its boundaries. She lost Alsace and Lorraine, which went to France, the Eupen and Morenay districts were transferred to Belgium, Northern Schleswig - to Denmark. Danzig (Gdansk) was declared a free city. The Saar coal basin was transferred to France. Part of Upper Silesia went to Poland. In general, Germany lost 1/8 of its territory. She also lost all her colonies. It was decided to carry out the disarmament of Germany. Germany was forbidden to have a submarine fleet and military aviation. Germany pledged to pay reparations to the victors. The Paris Conference left open many questions of the post-war world: about the fate of the Far East region, about the situation in Russia, where the Civil War was raging, about the problems generated by the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The results of the Paris Conference testified that the European powers continue to dominate world politics. This did not suit the United States and Japan, whose power was constantly growing. The end of the Paris Peace Conference did not bring the long-awaited stabilization to the world. Civil wars and acute social conflicts continued in many states. One of the tangled knots of contradictions began in the Far East, where the interests of Japan, the USA and England clashed. The situation there escalated so much that the press began to talk about the possible start of a new war. However, it did not come to that: American diplomacy suggested holding an international conference to discuss controversial issues. It opened on November 12, 1921 in Washington. Nine powers took part in its work, and its result was the signing of agreements that made it possible to complete the construction of the world post-war settlement, the construction of which began at the Paris Peace Conference. As a result of the conference, Japan strengthened its position, and China's sovereignty was recognized. Author: Irina Tkachenko
How did the postal service originate? Today we consider it quite common that the government takes care of the delivery of our letters and parcels. However, the very idea of creating such a public service developed very slowly. In ancient times, the rulers of Persia and Rome carried out activities for the transmission of messages. But all this was done only to ensure the interests of state institutions. In the Middle Ages, merchant guilds, associations and some universities organized small courier services to support their activities. It was not until the XNUMXth century that states began to establish permanent postal services. This was dictated by three main reasons. The first is to be able to check suspicious mail. The second is to create a source of income for the benefit of the state. The third is to provide services to the population. In England, the state postal service originated under King Henry VIII. Over time, it has evolved further. In 1609, no one was allowed to deliver letters except government-authorized couriers. But in 1680, a London merchant organized his own private postal service, which served the city and the surrounding area. The initiative turned out to be successful, and this experience was applied throughout the country on a state basis. This structure of the postal service existed until 1801. The entire postal system in England was changed in 1840. Postage stamps were introduced and uniform rates were established for the delivery of mail within the country. The cost of mail delivery depended only on its weight. Following the model and likeness of the British postal service, all other countries have created their services.
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