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What was the impetus for the Latin American Wars of Independence? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What was the impetus for the Latin American Wars of Independence? At the beginning of the nineteenth century. in the Spanish colonies of America, a patriotic movement of Creoles arose, thinking about secession from Spain. Secret organizations were created in the colonies, and the leading documents of the French Revolution were illegally distributed. The defeat of the Bourbon monarchy in Spain by the Napoleonic army created favorable conditions for the rise of the liberation movement in the Spanish colonies. Initially, Venezuela became the center of the struggle for independence. It was there that the National Congress met, which in 1811 proclaimed the independence of the country. Among the members of the "Patriotic Society", which led the liberation movement, a young officer, S. Bolivar, stood out. The formation of the revolutionary army is associated with his name, he made a great contribution to the formation of the new state. In 1812, the Spaniards and their supporters managed to defeat the rebels and push them to New Grenada. A rebellion also broke out in this colony, and a decision was made to create a Confederation, or the United Provinces of New Grenada. From this bridgehead, under the leadership of S. Bolivar, a new offensive began, which ended in 1813 with the restoration of the Venezuelan Republic. However, it was not possible to consolidate the success again. Most of the country again returned under the control of the mother country. These harsh lessons prompted the leaders of the liberation movement to include in their programs such issues as the abolition of slavery and the allocation of land to the peasants. These provisions, at least in part, but reflected the aspirations of the bulk of the population of the colonies. This increased the influx of forces into the troops of S. Bolivar. In 1816 a new phase of the armed struggle against the Spaniards began. Having defeated them in Venezuela, S. Bolivar moved to New Granada. In 1821, both of these territories were liberated from the Spaniards. Venezuela and New Granada united into a single state - Great Colombia. Around the same time, an uprising broke out against Spanish domination in the southern part of Latin America, in the territory of modern Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and Peru. The base for the liberation movement in this part of Latin America was the province of Mendoza, where a revolutionary army was created under the leadership of José de San Martin. It was from there that he began his campaign, which led to the liberation of Chile. In 1821, his troops in Peru united with the troops of S. Bolivar. The Spaniards, however, did not lay down their arms, the struggle in this part of the continent continued until 1824. The greatest bitterness was distinguished by the struggle for the independence of Mexico. In this country, the national liberation movement was intertwined with the social struggle of the peasants for land. But in 1821, Spanish rule was also put an end to in Mexico. In an effort to strengthen the independence of the young Latin American states, S. Bolivar advocated their unification into a confederation. But this initiative did not receive local support. S. Bolívar's popularity was declining, and in 1830 he resigned. Only many years later his merits received universal recognition. His memory is preserved in the name of one of the South American republics - Bolivia. The bourgeois revolution in Portugal in 1820 led to the rise of the independence movement in Brazil. The former colony declared independence and declared itself an empire. In 1868, a mass uprising for independence began in Cuba. But the Cuban army had to fight for liberation from colonial dependence for many more years. Only in 1895 was the independence of Cuba proclaimed and the Cuban Republic established. The national liberation movement in Latin America ended in victory. But some newly formed states turned out to be fragile and fell apart. Political independence did away with the many restrictions that fettered the economic development of the colonies. More favorable conditions were created for capitalist development and entry into the world market. But in the new states, the features of a traditional society were preserved, which slowed down the process of progressive change. The Latin American states had to go through many more trials before they were able to take advantage of the opportunities provided by independence. Author: Irina Tkachenko
How did Dalmatians (a breed of dog) help firefighters during the horse-drawn era? The Dalmatian breed of dog was bred at one time to accompany (guard) postal carriages. Since these dogs are able to run long distances, are accustomed to horses, and their bright white coat with black spots is clearly visible, firefighters chose them to run in front of the fire wagon and clear the way, warning by their bark to gaping passers-by.
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