How can you count calories? Detailed answer

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How can you count calories? Detailed answer

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How can you count calories?

Nowadays, millions of people are watching their weight, because they understand that in most cases, being overweight is harmful to health. Therefore, they relentlessly "count calories." This means that they figure out how many calories are in different types of food and try to eat high-calorie foods as little as possible. Of course, adherence to all diets and "counting calories" should be carried out under the supervision of a physician. But what does calories have to do with weight and health?

Let's look at what a calorie is. If two identical pots of water are placed on the same fire on the stove, the water in the pot with less water will reach the boiling point of the first one. Although the water in both pots boils at the same temperature, the pot with less water needs less heat than the pot with more water to bring the water to a boil. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius is called a gram-calorie. A kilocalorie is a thousand times the unit of heat.

Where does this warmth come from? It appears as a result of the combustion of a particular fuel. In the kitchen, for example, we use gas as fuel. Our body uses food as "fuel", burning it in order to function normally. If we want to measure our food as "fuel", we do it in calories, which is a measure of heat. The energy value of food is usually measured in kilocalories. Different foods contain different amounts of calories. For example, one gram of protein contains four calories. And in one gram of fat - as many as nine calories! The human body does not care where to get its calories from, as long as they are enough for normal functioning.

How much does the body need? It is estimated that the average adult needs between two and three thousand calories per day. But a lot depends on what the person is doing. A housewife needs only two and a half thousand calories, a factory worker needs three to four thousand, and an athlete needs four thousand or more. What happens if a person receives more calories than the body needs? Food does not burn, but instead turns into fat. And that is why many people now, under the supervision of a doctor, "count calories."

Author: Likum A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Who wrote the first encyclopedia?

To get the information you need, you often resort to the help of an encyclopedia. This means that you expect to see information on all important topics there. The word "encyclopedia" originated in Greece and meant "instructions for all occasions". For the first time this word was introduced into English by Sir Thomas Eliot in 1538 and deciphered it as "a book explaining all known sciences and subjects."

Today, words are listed alphabetically in encyclopedias, so it's easy to find the word you're looking for. But the authors of the ancient encyclopedias arranged the words in them as they pleased. For example, the author of one of the medieval encyclopedias began the book with a story about God and angels, and ended with a description of perfumes and smells, flowers, and a list of 36 types of eggs.

The oldest encyclopedia that has come down to us was written in the 37st century BC. e. in Rome by Pliny. It was called "Natural History". The 20 volumes of the book contained more than 000 articles. Pliny used quotes from over 450 authors. This book was considered so valuable that by 1536 it had been reprinted 43 times!

The largest was the third Chinese encyclopedia. One of the Chinese emperors, who died in 1721, ordered that this book be compiled. It contained 5020 volumes!

The first encyclopedia, where the words were arranged in alphabetical order, was compiled by the English priest John Harris. It appeared in 1704 and was called the "Universal English Dictionary of Science and Arts".

In France, since 1743, another encyclopedia, the Encyclopedia, began to appear. Many famous scientists worked on the articles, including Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, and this distinguished it from other books.

The Encyclopaedia Britannica or Dictionary of Arts and Sciences was first printed in Scotland in 1768. Since 1911, it has also been produced in the United States.

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Lack of sleep makes us eat too much 01.04.2016

Now almost every person in one way or another experiences a lack of sleep, and this leads to a variety of body disorders. For example, lack of sleep can lead to significant weight gain.

People tend to eat more if they didn't get enough sleep the previous night. Now scientists have linked this behavior to human physiology: sleep deprivation alters the endocannabinoid system, a series of receptors that influence hormone regulation and immune function.

During the study, physicians constantly monitored the amount of sleep of 14 young men and women. For four nights, six participants slept normally, approximately 7,5 hours per night, while the remaining eight participants received only 4 hours of sleep. They were given the same amount of calories per day. The researchers asked subjects to rate their hunger, mood, appetite, and anxiety, and then took hourly blood tests to measure levels of various substances (such as cortisol, a hormone that helps the body wake up).

Scientists were particularly interested in a specific endocannabinoid known to help the body regulate appetite and energy levels. It turned out that its level in the body of people who did not sleep enough varied significantly during the day. Lack of sleep makes the endocannabinoid system overactive, causing people to constantly eat. Moreover, sleepy participants in the experiment did not just eat more, but preferred food that was fatter and more nutritious, despite the fact that they were given a sufficient amount of calories just a few hours before.

The study was short, there were few participants, but the scientists believe that the results can be applied to everyday life. For example, 40% of Americans get less than 7 hours of sleep per night. Scientists already know that lack of sleep affects human genes, mood, and ability to pick up social cues, so it may not be a coincidence that 35% of Americans are obese. A better understanding of the mechanisms that link sleep deprivation and obesity could help clinicians find a way to prevent weight gain.

And the usefulness of sleep can be seen in at least these two examples: good sleep improves memory and helps get rid of toxins.

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