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BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
How was the British Empire created? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? How was the British Empire created? The time of greatness and prosperity of England is the Victorian era, the beginning of which dates back to the 40s. nineteenth century During these years, England becomes the leading industrial country in which the processes of modernization developed most successfully. It has achieved dominance in the world market. In this era (named after the 64-year reign of Queen Victoria), the monarchy was able to maintain order and well-being for a large part of the country's population. During the reign of Victoria, England becomes an empire, the queen receives the title of empress. Victoria raised the prestige of the monarchy. But in the country the monarchical regime was limited by the Constitution, and parliament played an important role in the political life of the country. It is believed that it was during this period that a "complete parliamentary regime" was formed in England, based on the responsibility of the Cabinet of Ministers to Parliament. England's foreign policy was colonial in nature. By the middle of the nineteenth century. it became a huge colonial empire, the most important part of which was India, with a population of 300 million people. British troops fought wars of conquest in Iran and Afghanistan. Colonial conquests later spread to West Africa. During these years, England actively continued the colonization of Australia and the development of Canada. The colonies served as a source of raw materials and food for England; those for whom there was no work at home went there, and this made the political situation in England calmer. Thanks to the huge super-profits generated in the vast colonial empire, a relatively high standard of living was maintained for the majority of the population in England itself. Therefore, for the political elite of the country, a matter of paramount importance was the further strengthening of the colonial empire. In the country's parliament, two leading political forces continued to coexist - the Tory and Whig parties. In the 1860s they became known as the Conservative and Liberal parties, respectively. There were no fundamental differences between them. Both parties supported the reformist path of the country's development, but each of them responded to this call of the times in its own way. Prominent politicians of that time were the leader of the Conservatives, B. Disraeli, and the leader of the Liberals, W. Gladstone. In the 1870s liberals and conservatives carried out reforms of the electoral law, civil service, and education through parliament. Trade unions were legalized and became increasingly involved in the political struggle. Based on them in the early twentieth century. The Workers' (Labor) Party took shape. For the first time since the Chartist movement, the English working class created its own independent political organization, standing on the positions of reformism. The activation of the labor movement exacerbated the problem of maintaining social stability in the country. It was not clear what line of development the new political force would support - the reform of society or its radical reorganization. The solution of this fundamental problem was complicated by the aggravation of England's old disease - the Irish question. Representatives of the Irish national liberation movement defended at that time the idea of home rule (self-government) for Ireland. In 1886, the government of England decided to introduce a gormul to Ireland, but Parliament did not pass this law. This idea ran into fierce resistance from various political forces in England. Opponents of this idea were afraid that granting Ireland self-government would stimulate erosive processes in the entire body of the empire. The prospects for the continuation of the movement of English society along the evolutionary path became more and more problematic. By the end of the nineteenth century. the costs of expanding the British colonial empire began to be felt. English capital preferred to invest in overseas possessions, where the percentage of profit was much higher than at home, and the return on capital investment was faster. This led to the fact that the British economy itself began to feel a lack of funds for further development and modernization. This circumstance prompted to think about the future of the empire. The First World War distracted England from solving domestic political problems. Author: Irina Tkachenko
What is fog? Fog is a cloud near the surface of the earth. There is no difference between fog and cloud in the sky. When a cloud is near the surface of the earth or sea, we call it "fog". Usually fog forms at night and early in the morning in lowlands and above water bodies. It is associated with a cold stream of air that descends on warm surfaces of land or water. Fogs are more often in the fall when air cools faster than land or water. In calm weather with the onset of dark in thin places above the ground, thin layers of fog are formed. As the earth cools down at night, the lower layers of air become colder. When such cool air comes into contact with warm air, fog forms. As a rule, urban fogs are thicker than rural. The urban air is full of dust and soot, which, when combined with particles of water, form a dense blanket. The foggiest region of the Earth is the Atlantic coast of Newfoundland (Canada), where fogs are formed when humid warm air passes over cold waters that move south from the Arctic Circle. The coldness of the water condenses the moisture in the air into small droplets of water. These droplets are not large enough to form rain. They are in the air in the form of fog. And fogs in the San Francisco area are formed completely differently. Here, the cool morning breeze blows toward the warm sand dunes, and if rain has soaked the sand the day before, a dense layer of mist from evaporating moisture is formed. Often fog appears denser than clouds. This is because the mist droplets are smaller in size. Many tiny droplets absorb more light than large droplets (but fewer) that form a cloud. So it seems to us that fogs are thicker than clouds.
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