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BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
What are the specifics of China? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What are the specifics of China? On a global scale, the period of early feudalism ended in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. Different countries did not enter the period of developed feudalism at the same time: the countries of Asia at an earlier time, some countries of Europe at a later time. In China, the period of development of feudalism began in the XNUMXth century. The reign of Emperor Xuanzong was the heyday of the Tain Empire. The census of 754 showed the presence in the country of 9610 households, or 52 people of the taxed population. The state also received income from the sale of salt and tea, from the extraction of iron, tin, copper, silver, in the form of various trade duties and fees. The rapid development of mining, handicrafts and trade created a large stratum of wealthy craftsmen and rich merchants. Literature and art reached a high level. But at the same time, there were signs of an impending crisis of an economic and political nature, on the basis of which the Tain Empire grew. The essence of this crisis consisted in the withering away of the state allotment system and in the development of the estate economy of the feudal lords. The law said that land could not be sold or mortgaged, because it was state property. But local officials monitored the implementation of this law, and they often sought to do the opposite, that is, to ensure that such prohibitions did not work. Along with feudal landownership, landownership represented by the category of land "assigned by title" has become widespread in China. In China, the social division of labor has progressed all the time. The development of the Chinese cities of the Tain Empire demonstrates that many of them arose and developed already as handicraft and trade centers. This testified to the growth of commodity production, exchange and trade. Property stratification in the community has increased significantly. The decline of state ownership of land led to a weakening of centralization. A significant increase in the layer of consumers of urban goods in the person of the feudal lords, as well as in the person of the peasants, contributed to the further development of handicrafts and trade. New cities sprang up. The main impetus to the development of trade was given by the development of trade credit. At this time, bills appeared, or, as they were then called, "flying money". Usury transactions played a significant role. Salt monopoly was especially profitable. The new socio-economic conditions of society left their mark on the social life and literature of the country. At this time, journalism reaches its heyday. Its brightest representative was Han Yu (768-823). Numerous articles, messages, prefaces to various works, etc. belong to his pen. In his consideration of the relationship between nature and man, Han Yu placed man in the general row of everything that exists in the world, did not fundamentally separate him from nature. His main philosophical treatise is "On Man". It was in man that he saw not only a personality, but also the basis of all social life. The continuous struggle within the empire, which lasted for two centuries (from the 60s of the 60th century to the XNUMXs of the XNUMXth century), the transition to new forms of feudal property led to an increase in the political fragmentation of the country. The most striking expression of the aggravation of class contradictions at that time was the powerful peasant uprising of 875-884, which went down in history under the name "Huang Chao uprising". Even despite the fragmentation of the country, which came after the fall of the Tain dynasty, elements of centralization still remained in the political system of China, which made political unity stronger than in the states of Europe of that period. Since its inception, the history of the Sung Empire has been one of continuous struggle to preserve Chinese territory. At first, the greatest danger was posed by the Khitan, who, having captured part of northern China, continuously organized new campaigns against China. There was a new danger on the western frontier of the empire. From the 30s. 1044th century the Tangut state, called Xi-Xia, is strengthened. In XNUMX peace was concluded with the Tanguts. The existence of the Sung Empire was marked by the cultural flourishing of the country. This is especially noticeable in the field of education. The main centers of education were not government schools, but private (shuuan). In an environment of busy city life, printing was widely used, which in turn contributed to the spread of education. In the X century. The compass appeared in China. In the XI-XII centuries. a hallmark of progressive social thought was a great interest in the human person, which was characteristic of the late epoch. The heyday of philosophical thought in China in the XI-XII centuries. Among the greatest thinkers are Zhou Tung-yi, Zhu Xi. They created a new direction in philosophy, referred to in Chinese literature as "Neo-Confucianism". Here we find elements of a dialectical and spontaneously materialistic approach to being. In the history of Chinese art as a whole, the Sung school of painting occupies an outstanding place. The favorite themes of artists at that time were landscapes, animals, as well as birds, flowers. A prominent representative of this school was the artist Zhao Ji. A new genre - the folk story - was created by folk storytellers, the first reports of which date back to the XNUMXth century. In the Sung capitals, such storytellers appeared more and more, and their art was popular. They were even invited to the imperial palaces. Author: Irina Tkachenko
People of what professions used earwax in their work several centuries ago? Ear wax in former times was widely used in the economy. Medieval scribes extracted pigments from it to illustrate books. Before waxed threads were widely available, seamstresses smeared ear wax on the ends of the threads to keep them from fraying. An 1832 book for American Housewives recommended earwax as the best remedy for alleviating the pain of a stab wound from a nail or skewer.
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