How did the great geographical discoveries and colonial conquests of the late XNUMXth - early XNUMXth centuries take place? Detailed answer

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How did the great geographical discoveries and colonial conquests of the late XNUMXth - early XNUMXth centuries take place? Detailed answer

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How did the Great Geographical Discoveries and colonial conquests of the late XNUMXth - early XNUMXth centuries take place?

The great geographical discoveries played an important role in the transition to the bourgeois mode of production. This historical process was caused by the development of the productive forces of society, the growth of commodity-money relations for the further circulation of funds, since money gradually became a means of circulation.

There were no sufficient sources of gold and silver within the European world. At the same time, according to the Europeans, inexhaustible riches were hidden in the East: spices, precious metals, silk fabrics, etc. Control over the East became a cherished goal. Gold was sought by representatives of all classes. Knowing about the existence of India and China, travelers looked for accessible ways to them, equipped expeditions.

Equipping expensive and complex expeditions could be afforded by strong centralized monarchies. The implementation of these measures could not be possible without innovations in shipbuilding and navigation. By the middle of the XV century. in Western Europe, large sea vessels were built that could make long voyages. A compass, geographical maps and other devices began to be used.

The impetus for the search for sea routes to the East was the barriers set up by the Ottoman Empire and the trade relations of Europe with the Near East. In this regard, they looked for workarounds to India by sea around the coast of Africa.

The pioneers in this direction were Portugal and Spain. Portuguese navigators in 1486 managed to go around the southern part of Africa, and in 1498 Vasco da Gama reached the shores of India. And the first trip around the world was made in 1519-1522. expedition of F. Magellan and marked the beginning of the development of the Pacific Ocean. Many geographical discoveries were made in the XNUMXth century. English and French sailors in North America, as well as Russian sailors in Northeast Asia, by the middle of the XNUMXth century. out on the shores of the Pacific Ocean.

The results of the Great geographical discoveries were the expansion of the world market, the emergence of new specific products, the rivalry between European monarchies in an effort to seize Asian treasures, and the formation of a colonial system. At the same time, the center of the intersection of world trade routes moved from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean, which had its consequences - the strengthening of the economic positions of England, Spain, Portugal, Holland and France.

The quality of manufactured goods has increased dramatically. Trade turnover included new products: tobacco, coffee, tea, cocoa, cotton, corn. The colonies became a market for manufactured goods for Europe, especially tools. As a result of this, there was a crisis of the shop system, which could not satisfy the growing demand. The medieval organization of labor was forced to give way to capitalist manufacture, which increased the scale of production due to the division of labor. The result is the concentration of commercial and industrial capital, the formation of a bourgeois class.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Is it true that in 1971 a tribe isolated from the rest of the world for thousands of years was discovered in the Philippines?

In 1971, sensational news spread around the world: the Tasadai tribe was found in the Philippine jungle, which had no contact with other people for thousands of years and actually lived in the Stone Age. The Philippine authorities immediately declared the territory protected in order to preserve the unique tribe for the interests of science. But in 1986, a group of journalists who illegally entered this territory stated that there was no one in the Tasadai caves, and all this was a big hoax: the primitive tribe was "played" by peasants from a village nearby. A few years later, a new refutation came out: the same "peasants" said that it was the second time they were bribed and forced to tell a lie, and the truth turned out to be neither one nor the other: the Tasadai tribe actually led a primitive lifestyle and was in isolation, but not thousands of years.

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