|
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese|
BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
What are the characteristic features of Medieval urban crafts? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What are the characteristic features of Medieval urban crafts? The transition from the early feudal period to the period of developed feudalism was due to the emergence and growth of cities, which quickly became centers of crafts and exchange, as well as the widespread development of commodity production. These were qualitatively new phenomena in feudal society, which had a significant impact on its economy, political system and spiritual life. The first centuries of the Middle Ages in Western Europe were characterized by the dominance of subsistence farming. The production of agricultural products and handicrafts, specially designed for sale, i.e., commodity production, was then almost not developed in most of Western Europe. The old Roman cities fell into decay, the agrarianization of the economy took place. During the early Middle Ages, urban-type settlements were preserved in place of dilapidated Roman cities. But for the most part they were either administrative centers, or fortified points (fortresses - "burgs"), or church centers (residences of bishops, etc.). But the cities had not yet become the center of craft and trade during this period. In the X-XI century. important changes took place in the economic life of Western Europe. The growth of productive forces, which took place in connection with the establishment of the feudal mode of production, proceeded most rapidly in handicrafts and was expressed in the gradual change and development of the technique and skills of handicraft work, the expansion and differentiation of social production. The production of handicraft products increasingly turned into a special sphere of labor activity, different from agriculture, which required further specialization of the artisan, no longer compatible with the labor of the peasant. The moment has come when the transformation of handicraft into an independent branch of production has become inevitable. In turn, progressive changes took place in agriculture. With the improvement of tools and methods of tillage in agriculture, the area of cultivated land increased. Not only agriculture, but also cattle breeding, horticulture, etc. developed and improved. As a result of all these changes, the volume of products produced in the rural sector increased. This made it possible to exchange it for handicrafts. In the process of separation from agriculture, the handicraft went through a number of stages in its development. At first, the craft acted in the form of the production of products by order of the consumer. Commodity production was still in its infancy. In the future, with the development of handicraft production, it was focused not only on a specific customer, but on the market. The craftsman becomes a commodity producer. Commodity production and commodity relations begin to emerge, and exchange between town and country begins. A characteristic feature of the medieval craft in Western Europe was its guild organization - the association of artisans of a certain profession within a given city into special unions - workshops, craft guilds. Workshops appeared simultaneously with the cities themselves in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. The final formalization of the guilds (obtaining special charters from kings and other lords, compiling and recording guild charters) took place later. The number of workshops increased with the growth of the division of labor. In most cities, belonging to a guild was a prerequisite for engaging in a craft, that is, a guild monopoly was established for this type of craft. This eliminated the possibility of competition on the part of artisans who were not part of the guild, which, in the conditions of a narrow market and insignificant demand, was dangerous for manufacturers. The main function of the workshops was to establish control over the production and sale of handicrafts. The members of the workshop were interested in ensuring that their products were sold. Therefore, in the shop organization, the process of producing products of a certain type and quality was regulated. The guilds, despite the fact that they limited competition, played a progressive role, contributed to the improvement of tools and handicraft skills. Author: Irina Tkachenko
How did the gift of Soviet schoolchildren to the American ambassador in 1945 help our special services? In 1945, Soviet schoolchildren presented the American ambassador with a wooden panel made of precious woods depicting the US coat of arms. Neither the schoolchildren nor the ambassador knew that a listening device was installed in the panel, the design of which was developed by Lev Theremin. The "bug" was so well hidden that the American secret services did not notice anything, and the Soviets listened in on conversations in the ambassador's office for another 8 years. After the discovery, the device was presented to the UN as evidence of the intelligence activities of the USSR, but the principle of its operation remained unsolved for several more years.
▪ How did the Chinese company, which was sued for cloning Segways, solve the problem?
Machine for thinning flowers in gardens
02.05.2024 Advanced Infrared Microscope
02.05.2024 Air trap for insects
01.05.2024
▪ High-speed router Asus RT-AC3200
▪ section of the site Factory technology at home. Article selection ▪ article From gulkin's nose. Popular expression ▪ article When and why can there be 61 seconds in a minute? Detailed answer ▪ Article Development Director. Job description ▪ article Oscillatory circuit. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua |
Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:
See other articles Section 
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
All languages of this page