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What did the political map of Europe look like in the early Middle Ages (late XNUMXth to mid-XNUMXth centuries)? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What did the political map of Europe look like in the early Middle Ages (late XNUMXth to mid-XNUMXth centuries)? A significant part of Europe in the 395th century. was part of a vast state - the Roman Empire, which by this period of time was in a state of deep decline. The Roman Empire found it increasingly difficult to maintain its strength and unity. The process of gradual economic, political and cultural isolation of the Roman provinces led in XNUMX to the division of the empire into Western and Eastern parts, which later received the name of Byzantium. A particular danger to the existence of the vast Roman state was represented by the barbarian tribes that bordered it on the periphery. The Romans called barbarians tribes and peoples alien to Roman culture. These tribes were at the stage of decomposition of the tribal system and the beginning of the formation of a class society. The largest ethnic groups of the tribes in contact with Rome include the Celts, Germans, Slavs. The main areas of Celtic settlement were northern Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain and Iceland. These tribes were conquered by Rome and constituted in its space the Gallo-Roman or, respectively, the Hispano-Roman people. Germanic tribes inhabited the territory bounded by the Rhine in the west and the Vistula in the south. At the end of the XNUMXst century. BC e. this territory was conquered by Rome, but not for long. After a series of clashes with the Germans, the Romans went on the defensive. The Rhine became the border between Rome and the territory of the Germanic tribes. In the II-III centuries. n. e. There were regroupings and movements of Germanic tribes in Eastern and Central Europe, which led to an increased pressure of the Germans on the borders of the Roman Empire. At this time, the Germans were undergoing internal consolidation processes, large alliances were formed - Saxons, Franks, Visigoths and Ostrogoths, etc. At the end of the 410th century. Particularly intensive movements of barbarian tribes and their invasions into the territory of the Roman Empire began, usually called the Great Migration of Peoples. The Roman Empire was unable to provide effective resistance to the conquerors. After the capture of Rome by the Visigoths in XNUMX, the process of disintegration of the empire began. In 418, the first barbarian state, the Visigothic Kingdom, arose on the territory of Roman Gaul. In the second half of the XNUMXth century. The Visigoths conquered all of Gaul, as well as most of Spain. The center of the Visigothic kingdom moved to Spain. During the resettlement of barbarian tribes in the southern and southwestern direction, 13 kingdom states were formed. On the territory of the former Roman Empire, states were formed by the Franks, Burgundians, Ostrogoths, Lambradors, etc. From the middle of the XNUMXth century. began a massive invasion of barbarian tribes - the Angles, Saxons and Jutes into Britain, which was inhabited by the Celtic tribes of the Britons. The conquerors formed several barbarian Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in Britain. The barbarian invasions were of the greatest importance for the history of Europe. Their result was the fall of the slave-owning Roman Empire in the West. On the territory of the newly formed states, the conditions necessary for the development of new social relations, for the transition to feudalism, were created. The most durable was that formed in the XNUMXth century. as a result of the conquest of the Frankish state in Northern Gaul by Germanic tribes - the Franks. It was headed by the Frankish leader Clovis from the Merovingian clan (hence the name of the Merovingian dynasty). From the end of the XNUMXth century. The Frankish state was ruled by representatives of a new dynasty, which, after the largest of its representatives - Charlemagne - was called the Carolingian dynasty. During the reign of the Carolingians, the formation of the feudal system among the Franks was completed. By 800, King Charlemagne came under the rule of a vast territory inhabited by many peoples. In size it was close to the collapsed Western Roman Empire. However, his descendants failed to keep the empire unified. In 843, an agreement was concluded at Verdun to divide the empire into three parts. The Treaty of Verdun became the basis for the formation of three future European states - Germany, France and Italy. Author: Irina Tkachenko
Who are the Vikings? About 1200 years ago, a new tribe of sorts appeared in Scandinavia, consisting of people from the coastal regions of Norway, Sweden and Denmark. The very name "Vikings" probably comes from the word "viks", which in translation into Russian means "fjords" - narrow bays that cut the coast of Scandinavia. The Vikings became great seafarers and adventurers. They were strong, tall warriors, usually fair-haired and blue-eyed. At a time when all the other peoples that inhabited Europe did not dare to sail on the ocean waves, the Vikings on their ships conducted maritime trade and made discoveries. They generally preferred a life full of wars and adventures to the warmth of the hearth. In 793 a.d. e. Vikings first came to the coast of England. From that moment until the beginning of the XNUMXth century, they made regular raids on the coasts of western and eastern Europe. They robbed the inhabitants of the coast in England, Ireland, France, Spain. They even reached Algiers in northern Africa. The Vikings discovered the islands west of Greenland and part of the North American continent, which they called Vinland. There they created a colony that lasted three years. The Vikings had a unique culture. They built beautiful ships, made jewelry and weapons. The Viking lands had large deposits of iron, and their craftsmen were skilled in working with metal. The Vikings have always been pagans. Their main gods were Odin and Thor. The Vikings believed that the gods lived in a place called Valhalla, and heroes who fell in battle were taken there after death. The Vikings had their own literature in the form of sagas - stories about the life of kings, nobility and ordinary people. The Vikings created their own system of laws based on justice and decency. Opinions are expressed that their traces can be found in the laws in force in many countries.
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