Natural emergencies of hydrological origin: floods, mudflows, tsunamis. OBZhD

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Natural emergencies of hydrological origin: floods, mudflows, tsunamis. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Flood - flooding with water of the area adjacent to a river, lake or reservoir, the sea (surge phenomena - the movement of sea water under the influence of a strong, long wind). As a result of floods, significant material damage is caused, harm is done to people's health, including their death.

The main criterion for flooding is the maximum water level during its operation. Important characteristics are the area and duration of flooding, the rate of rise in the water level.

The primary consequences of flooding are flooding and flooding of the surrounding area. The secondary consequences of the flood are the loss of strength of various kinds of structures as a result of erosion and underwashing, pollution of vast territories by them, complication of the sanitary and epidemiological situation, swamping of the area, etc.

Floods cause direct and indirect economic damage. Direct - death and injury to people and animals, various destruction. Indirect - violation of the regime of economic activity outside the emergency zone due to a break in the work of various communications, the diversion of forces and means to eliminate the consequences of an emergency.

There are various ways to deal with floods, these include:

1) reducing the maximum water flow in the river by redistributing the runoff over time;

2) regulation of flood runoff with the help of hydraulic structures (reservoirs);

3) construction of enclosing dams (shafts);

4) straightening the river bed, dredging with the help of dredgers.

Rules of conduct and actions of the population during floods

Floods are major natural disasters. The main causes of most floods are heavy rainfall, intense snowmelt, fluvial floods as a result of a tidal wave or wind changes at the mouth of a river.

The actions of the population in case of floods are carried out taking into account the time of anticipation of the flood, as well as the experience of observing the manifestations of the water element in past years. The scale of floods, for example, caused by spring, summer or autumn floods, can be predicted for a month or more, surge floods - for several hours (up to a day).

With a significant time to prevent flooding, measures are taken to build appropriate hydraulic structures on rivers and other places of expected flooding, to prepare and carry out early evacuation of the population and farm animals, and to remove material assets from areas of possible flooding.

Flood evacuation is usually announced by special order of the flood control commission. The population is notified of the beginning and procedure for evacuation via local radio broadcasting networks and local television, workers, in addition, are notified through the administration of enterprises, institutions and educational institutions, and the population unemployed in production and the service sector - through housing maintenance offices and house management. The population is informed of the places of deployment of prefabricated evacuation centers, the timing of the appearance at these points, the routes for evacuation on foot, as well as other information consistent with the local situation, the expected scale of the disaster, and the time of its advance. If there is sufficient time, the population from the threatened areas will be evacuated along with their property. For this purpose, each family is provided with transport with an indication of the time of its delivery.

Evacuation is carried out to the nearest settlements outside the flooded areas. The resettlement of the population is carried out in public buildings or in the living area of local residents.

At enterprises and institutions, when there is a threat of flooding, the mode of operation changes, and in some cases, work stops. Protection of some part of material assets is sometimes provided on the spot, for which the entrances and window openings of basements and lower floors of buildings are sealed.

In areas of possible flooding, schools and preschool children's institutions temporarily stop working, children are transferred to schools and children's institutions that are located in safe places.

In the event of a sudden flood, the warning of the population is carried out by all available technical means of warning, including with the help of loud-speaking mobile installations.

The suddenness of the occurrence of a flood necessitates special actions and behavior of the population. If people live on the ground floor or other lower floors and there is a rise in water on the street, it is necessary to leave the apartments, go up to the upper floors, if the house is one-story, take the attic.

When at work, by order of the administration, one should, following the established procedure, take elevated places.

While in the field, in case of sudden flooding, you should take elevated places or trees, use various kinds of floating objects (for example, agricultural machinery tire tubes).

The search for people in the flooded territory is organized and carried out immediately; for this, the crews of floating means of civil defense formations and all other available forces and means are involved.

During rescue work, it is necessary to show restraint and self-control, strictly comply with the requirements of the rescuers. Life-saving equipment (boats, boats, rafts, etc.) must not be overfilled, as this endangers the safety of both rescued and rescuers. Once in the water, you should throw off heavy clothes and shoes, find nearby objects floating or rising above the water, use them until help is received.

Mudflows (mudflows) - a temporary rapid mountain stream of a mixture of water with a high content of stones, sand, clay and other particles (snow, ice).

The entire area of origin and impact of mudflow is called a mudflow basin. The type of mudflow is determined by the composition of mudflow-forming rocks.

The main types of mudflows: water stone, mud, mud stone, ice-mud-stone (village in the Karmadon Gorge).

As a result of mudflows, buildings and structures are destroyed, roads, settlements, agricultural lands are destroyed, river channels are blocked, landscape changes, people and animals die.

Measures to prevent mudflows and measures to reduce damage from them

Preventive measures to protect against mudflows can be divided into passive and active.

Passive activities include:

1) prohibition of blasting in the area of possible mudflows (when laying roads and railways);

2) prohibition of quarrying for the extraction of sand, clay, stone in the mudflow hazardous zone with blasting;

3) prohibition of civil and military-technical construction of buildings and structures in the mudflow zone;

4) monitoring the condition of the slopes;

5) protection of mountain pastures, forest plantations (trees, shrubs) and grass on the slopes;

6) installation in the mudflow hazardous zone and near it warning signs, inscriptions.

К active include planting trees and shrubs with a strong root system directly in the mudflow zone and along the perimeter of its upper part, as well as the construction of special engineering and hydrotechnical facilities that either trap masses of rocks or divert them away from buildings and roads.

The monitoring of the mudflow zone is carried out by specialized services of the EMERCOM of Russia, auto and railway operating organizations.

In a market economy, the implementation of the above preventive measures is very difficult due to limited funding from all types of sources (local, federal, joint-stock companies).

To ensure the safe life of people in the mudflow-prone zone, the population needs to be as attentive as possible to all natural phenomena occurring in this zone (frequent or prolonged heavy rain, snowfall, thunderstorms, etc.).

Rules of behavior and actions of the population during mudflows

A great influence on the behavior and actions of the population during mudflows is provided by the organization of timely detection and recording of signs of these natural disasters and the organization of notification (warning) about a disaster.

In mudflow-prone areas, direct signs of the possible occurrence of mudflows are excessive (shower) precipitation (mudflows as a result of heavy rainfall usually form after a drought), rapid melting of snow and glaciers in the mountains, overflow of mountain lakes and reservoirs, disturbances in the natural flow of mountain rivers and streams with a change in channels and the formation of dams. Indirect signs of a possible mudflow are increased soil erosion, destruction of grass cover and forest plantations on the slopes of the mountains.

In most cases, the population about the danger of a mudflow can be warned in just tens of minutes and less often in 1-2 hours or more.

The approach of such a stream can be heard by the characteristic sound of boulders and stone fragments rolling and colliding with each other, reminiscent of the roar of a train approaching at high speed.

The most effective in the fight against mudflows is the early implementation of a set of organizational, economic, agrotechnical, forest reclamation and hydrotechnical measures.

The population in mudflow-prone areas is obliged to strictly follow the recommendations on logging, farming, and livestock grazing.

When there is a threat of mudflow, dams are strengthened on the way of its movement to settlements, embankments and temporary retaining walls are erected, mudflow traps, diversion ditches, etc. are arranged. It is the duty of everyone to take part in these works as far as possible.

In case of warning the population about an approaching mudflow, you need to leave the premises as soon as possible, warn others about the danger and go to a safe place. When leaving the premises, turn off the stoves, turn off the gas taps and turn off the lights and electrical appliances. This will help prevent fires.

Mudflows pose a serious danger when they suddenly appear. In this case, the worst thing is panic.

In case of capture of someone by a moving stream of mudflow, it is necessary to provide assistance to the victim by all available means. Such means may be poles, ropes or ropes supplied to the rescued. It is necessary to take the rescued out of the stream in the direction of the stream with a gradual approach to its edge.

Tsunami - a wave of great height and huge destructive action. Tsunamis are assessed from 1 to 6 points. A tsunami is a catastrophic phenomenon when ships are thrown ashore, breakwaters are damaged, buildings are destroyed, the coast is devastated, and the land is flooded far inland.

The destructive factor is the air wave that goes in front of the water shaft, it demolishes roofs and houses, and acts on people like a blast wave.

The cause of a tsunami is an earthquake under the sea or ocean, which is called a seaquake. If it is strong enough, huge waves appear on the water surface, called the tsunami by the Japanese. They are the product of seismic shock waves covering the entire water column. Usually the height of a tsunami does not exceed 1 m, but with strong seaquakes it reaches 30 m or more. Over the past 2500 years, 308 tsunamis have been registered in the Pacific Ocean (by Japanese specialists). Japan is the most frequently hit by tsunamis.

In areas where tsunamis are possible (in Russia - this is the Far East, the Kuril Islands), there are stations of national services that are part of the International Tsunami Warning Service. Warning service forecasts help to notify the population in advance of the danger and the time of arrival of the wave. However, it is not yet possible to accurately predict the sections of the coast where it will collapse and with what force. Such forecasts justify themselves only by 20%.

Authors: Ivanyukov M.I., Alekseev V.S.

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