Who Invented Printing? Detailed answer

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Who Invented Printing? Detailed answer

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Who Invented Printing?

For the first time, printing as a method of reproducing some images appeared among the Chinese and Japanese in the XNUMXth century. Books were so rare in those days and for many centuries after that, and there were so few who could read, and those who could afford to have books, that there was no need for printing.

The first book printers used wooden boards as clichés. Drawings were carved on their surface. Then these forms were smeared with paint and from them the image was transferred to paper using clumsy presses of the time. Then the pictures began to be accompanied by words, but they also had to be carved on a tree. What was needed was a way to cut down on the long process of cutting out images on each board.

It took almost a thousand years before the real changes took place that allowed the written word to be reproduced. Many inventors have worked on this. It is believed that the first to solve this problem was Johannes Gutenberg, a German printer from Mainz. Gutenberg came up with the idea to use movable metal letters. Using this method, he printed his first book, the famous Gutenberg Bible, between 1453 and 1456.

The Gutenberg font was kept in the box office, each letter separately. If you take letters from the box, it was very easy to type words, lines, pages. Having typed the text and printed the page, it was possible to disassemble and lay out the letters in their places, after which it was possible to type the next page. This system is used to this day, although the inventors have done a lot to speed up this process.

Author: Likum A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Who was the first astronaut?

The idea of interplanetary travel arose a very long time ago, but only in the last fifty years has cosmonautics become a reality. Back in 1903, the Russian discoverer K. E. Tsiolkovsky suggested using rockets for space exploration, since rockets are propelled by jet engines and do not depend on the atmosphere. He also suggested using liquid-fueled rockets, since solid-fueled rockets had much less thrust and the process of fuel combustion in them was much more difficult to follow.

In 1926, the American R. H. Goddard launched the first liquid-fuel rocket of the modern type. Active research in this area was also carried out in Germany, as a result of which liquid-fuel rockets V-2 appeared, with the help of which rocket strikes were carried out against England during World War II.

After the war, a serious development of space technology unfolded in the Soviet Union and the United States. The first artificial earth satellite was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. In 1961, the USSR amazed the world by launching into space a rocket with the first man on board - Yuri Gagarin, who during his space flight made one revolution around the Earth.

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As temperatures rise, so does the appetite of insect pests. 11.09.2018

Insects will eat more than a person eats for lunch, says Curtis Deutsch of the University of Washington in Seattle. Based on how heat changes the metabolism and reproduction of insects, he and his colleagues estimate that every degree Celsius in the plus direction means an additional 10-25% of the crop of wheat, corn and rice eaten by insects.

Insects are already making their way, destroying 8% more of the world's corn and wheat each year, and 14% more rice. If the average temperature on Earth jumps two degrees above pre-industrial levels, annual crop losses will be as high as 10% for corn, 12% for wheat and 17% for rice. Together, this loss is about 213 million tons of grains of the three crops.

Unlike mammals and birds, insects are very dependent on the ambient temperature: the hotter it is around, the higher their temperature - and vice versa. As the insect heats up, its metabolism also speeds up. The faster it burns energy, the faster it gets hungry again; and the more it feeds, the faster it reproduces. According to the researchers, the acceleration rates do not vary greatly between different insects. Thus, scientists have developed a mathematical model by which it is possible to calculate how much the number of insects will increase, at what rate they will multiply and destroy grain in warmer climatic conditions.

The new analysis shows that pest growth is likely to be greatest in milder climates: in tropical regions, insects have almost reached their "tempo of life", which cannot be said for insects that live at lower temperatures. Under such conditions, wheat becomes the most vulnerable crop.

In addition, an increase in temperature can prevent insects from penetrating into new territories and, on the contrary, help. Warmer weather can also affect parasites that fight insect pests. In addition, both pests and plants can adapt to new conditions and develop differently. Therefore, models for predicting future risk for crops should also be improved, scientists are sure.

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