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How is the periodization of the history of the Middle Ages presented? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? How is the periodization of the history of the Middle Ages presented? The Middle Ages, or the Middle Ages, is one of the most significant stages of human history. For the first time the term "Middle Ages" was used by Italian humanists to refer to the period between classical antiquity and their time. In Russian historiography, the lower boundary of the Middle Ages is traditionally considered to be the XNUMXth century. n. e. - the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and the upper one - in the XNUMXth century, when a bourgeois revolution took place in England. The period of the Middle Ages is extremely important for Western European civilization: the processes and events of that time still often determine the nature of the political, economic, and cultural development of the countries of Western Europe. So, it was during this period that the religious community of Europe was formed, urban culture was taking shape, new political forms were emerging, the foundations of modern science and the education system were being laid, the ground was being prepared for the industrial revolution and the transition to an industrial society. In the development of Western European medieval society, three stages are usually distinguished: the early Middle Ages, the classical Middle Ages, and the late Middle Ages. The Early Middle Ages covers the period from the XNUMXth to the XNUMXth centuries. During this period of time, large-scale changes occurred in the world. During this period, the slave-owning Western Roman Empire collapsed. On its territory, new states were formed by Germanic tribes. At the same time, there is a transition from paganism to Christianity under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church. The new religious system became the basis of Western civilization and maintained its unity, despite differences in the pace of development of individual countries and regions and their internal fragmentation. In the early Middle Ages, the foundations of new production relations were laid - feudal relations, which were characterized by the dominance of large landed property, which was in the hands of the feudal lords and the presence of small individual farms of direct producers - peasants, whom the feudal lords endowed with the main means of production - land. The form of realization of the feudal property on land was feudal rent, which was levied from the peasants who rented the land in labor, in kind or in cash. In the period of the early Middle Ages, Western European peoples gradually mastered writing, laid the foundations of an original culture. At the stage of the classical Middle Ages (XI-XV centuries), the process of formation of feudal relations is completed, all structures of feudal society reach their fullest development. At this time, nation-states (England, France, Germany, etc.) begin to form and strengthen. The main estates are formed, estate-representative bodies - parliaments - have appeared. The main branch of the economy continued to be agriculture, but during this period, cities were actively developing, which became the center of handicraft production and trade. The new relations undermined the foundations of feudalism, and capitalist relations gradually strengthened their possibilities in its depths. In the era of the late Middle Ages (XVI-early XVII centuries), the pace of economic development of European countries increased. This was largely due to the Great Geographical Discoveries, as a result of which colonial empires began to take shape, and treasures, gold and silver began to flow from the newly discovered lands to Europe - the Old World. All this contributed to the growth of the monetary wealth of merchants and entrepreneurs and served as one of the sources of primitive accumulation, which led to the formation of large private capitals. During the late Middle Ages, the unity of the Catholic Church was split by the Reformation. In Christianity, a new direction is emerging - Protestantism, which to the greatest extent contributed to the formation of bourgeois relations. At the end of the Middle Ages, a pan-European culture began to take shape, based on the theory of humanism, a new culture called the Renaissance. During the late Middle Ages, the most important idea of the West took shape: an active attitude to life, the desire to learn about the world, the desire to transform it in the interests of man. Author: Irina Tkachenko
Do hyenas laugh? There is a species of spotted hyena called the laughing hyena. She is the largest representative of this family. When the spotted hyena hunts for prey or is annoyed by something, it emits a growl that inspires superstitious fear, reminiscent of a giggle or laughter. But, of course, the word "laughter" does not have the meaning that human laughter has. It's just a high-pitched scream that reminds us of laughter. The laughing hyena is a ferocious animal that reaches about 1 meter in height and 1,85 meters in length. Large hyenas can weigh up to 80 kilograms. During the day, the hyena sleeps in a burrow or cave. At nightfall, she crawls out in search of food. Hyenas often hunt alone. But sometimes they gather in flocks around a prey left by a lion or other predator. Their instinct leads them to the corpses of animals and they eat them without a trace. The hyena is a cowardly and vile animal, preferring to eat what others have obtained and abandoned. But they roam around campgrounds and villages and sometimes attack people sleeping in the open. They constantly accompany herds of cattle and antelopes. Hyenas can attack sick, very young or, conversely, very old animals. Spotted, or laughing, hyena of African origin, it lives from Ethiopia to the Cape of Good Hope. The peculiarity of the spotted hyena is that, unlike other animals, the female is larger than the male.
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