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BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
How was the culture of Ancient Rome different? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? How was the culture of Ancient Rome different? Rome, which imposed its own political and administrative orders everywhere, itself perceived the cultural and artistic achievements of the conquered peoples with surprising ease. The art of Greece and the East had a huge impact on the Romans, who tried to attract from there, and later to train themselves, specialists capable of creating public buildings and architectural ensembles worthy of the great Roman Republic. It is known that the Roman theater from its very birth performed a religious function: therefore, we are talking about one of the most ancient and original traditions of the Italics. Comedy occupied an important place in the repertoire. And although both of the most famous Roman authors - Plautus and Terence - were inspired by Greek models, they nevertheless created their own original theater. Oratory was the medium of activity in which republican Rome reached its highest heights. This was perfectly logical for a political system based on public debate, where a decision depended on the delivered speech. The most famous Roman orator was Cicero. The art of portraiture in Rome did not develop for a long time, because it was believed that only gods could be depicted in a picture. However, in noble families with the appropriate privileges, there was a tradition of making death masks of deceased relatives. During the era of the Republic, the Romans carried out a gigantic work of urban reorganization. The forum and the Capitol, the centers of political and religious activity, were built up with majestic temple ensembles, basilicas and administrative buildings in the style characteristic of Roman architecture. Despite the turbulent domestic and foreign political events that took place in the empire during the reign of the Julio-Claudians, culture continued to live and flourish. Painting, sculpture, architecture developed, writers and poets, playwrights and philosophers created. The most prominent representative of philosophical thought in the 65st century. n. e. was Lucius Annaeus Seneca (late XNUMXst century BC - XNUMX AD). Seneca was the creator of the so-called new style, which became widespread in Roman literature in the XNUMXst century. n. e. He was distinguished by vivid emotional intensity, pathos, flowery metaphors, effective antitheses, short, sharp phrases - maxims. Seneca saw the meaning of life in achieving absolute peace of mind. He considered overcoming the fear of death to be one of the main prerequisites for this. He devoted a lot of space to this issue in his works. Let us dwell on the material culture of the Roman Empire in the XNUMXst and XNUMXnd centuries. n. e. At this time, many cities tried to imitate the capital, Rome, in their architectural style. They were decorated with magnificent temples of local and imperial deities, palaces, basilicas, porticoes for walks, as well as public buildings and buildings for entertainment - theaters, amphitheaters, circuses. At this time, in all cities of the empire, the cult of thermae was widespread - public baths, in which there were pools with warm and cold water for bathing, gyms, and rest rooms. In addition, active road construction was carried out in the Empire. In the 372nd century. n. e. in the state there were 80 stone-paved roads with a total length of about XNUMX thousand km. At the same time, the Romans created magnificent ports in coastal cities. Stone piers, barns for storing goods, and granite embankments were built here. Various festivals and performances played a major role in the life of the empire. Thus, every Roman who entered a circus or amphitheater received a metal token - a tessera, which, upon presenting it at special cash desks, he received a certain amount of money or new clothes, as well as food. In the XNUMXst and XNUMXnd centuries. n. e. tourism has developed. Representatives of the Roman and Greek aristocracy made long journeys to get acquainted with the sights of various countries and cities. Great development in the XNUMXst-XNUMXnd centuries. n. e. received enlightenment and science. In Rome and many provincial centers, education was organized for children. Geographical science was of great importance at that time. This led to several scientific treatises on geography and ethnography. In the XNUMXnd century. n. e. Medical science has developed greatly. Even during the reign of Emperor Augustus, a school for training doctors was created in Rome. Along with the natural sciences, astronomy and astrology were further developed. Already in the last decades of the republic, thanks to the activities of Cicero, the procedure for conducting court cases - trials - was firmly established. The hallmarks of Roman law are its versatility and flexibility. Roman jurisprudence took the path of correcting traditional laws with the help of ethical justice, the philosophical justification of which was given by Pythagoras: justice in the name of harmony and proportion for the benefit of what should be considered good and straight, as opposed to bad and crooked. It should be noted that Roman law was the basis of many legislative acts of modern legal states. Author: Irina Tkachenko
When did the Olympic Games start? The biggest award an athlete can receive is an Olympic gold medal. Did you know that the idea of holding the Olympic Games is over 2500 years old? According to Greek legend, the Olympic Games were organized by Hercules, the son of Zeus. There is evidence that the first Games were held in 776 BC. e. on the fields of Olympia. They were held once every 1 years for a millennium, until in 4 AD. e. the Romans did not cancel them. The ancient Greeks considered the Games so important that they measured time by the intervals between them. Four years were called the Olympics. The Classical Olympic Games in honor of the supreme god Zeus have been held in Greek Olympia every four years since 776 BC. e. Wars stopped during the Games. Only free male citizens were allowed to participate in them, who competed in running for short and long distances, in pentathlon (javelin throwing, running, jumping, discus throwing, wrestling), the so-called pankration (fistfight and wrestling), as well as in chariot races. Philosophers and poets took part in the Games, presenting their works there. In 394, the Roman emperor Theodosius banned them as "demonic games." They were resumed in 1896 in Athens (Olympic Games of our time) on the initiative of Baron de Coubertin. Both men and women participate in them. Since 1924, the Winter Olympic Games have also been held. The number of Olympic sports is constantly growing. Games were the embodiment of the Greek ideal that the body, like the mind and soul, should be developed. Nothing could prevent the Games even if there was a war, it had to stop. 15 centuries later, the Frenchman Baron Pierre de Coubertin had the idea of resuming the Olympic Games. In 1894, at his suggestion, an international congress of 15 states was convened. This congress unanimously recognized the need to revive the Games and hold them regularly, once every four years. Two years later, the first modern Olympic Games were held in a rebuilt stadium in Athens, Greece. Today's Games include sports that did not even exist in antiquity, such as basketball, water polo, football, cycling, shooting, field hockey. The modern Olympic Games are organized by the International Olympic Committee. And each country has a National Olympic Committee, which is responsible for its country's participation in the Olympic Games.
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