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What were the characteristic features of the major cities of Greece: Athens and Sparta? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What were the characteristic features of the major cities of Greece: Athens and Sparta? The Spartan state was located in the south of the Peloponnese. The capital of this state was called Sparta, while the country itself was called Laconia. Sparta is the oldest state of archaic Greece. In the XNUMXth century. BC e. The Spartans undertook the conquest of the region's neighbors - Messenia. As a result of two Messenian wars, the territory of Messenia was annexed to Sparta. The local population living in the fertile valleys was turned into disenfranchised helots. The economy of Laconia was very undeveloped and primitive. Agriculture was the main occupation here. The craft was very little developed. The Spartan state forbade all foreign trade. A large amount of money was required to pay for products or crafts. Money was not only not carried in a purse, as is done now, but was stored in special storerooms. The privileged class (estate) of Sparta - the Spartans constituted the so-called community of equals. The Spartans were engaged in military affairs. In order to educate strong and strong warriors, there was a special education system in Sparta. Each newborn was carried to the highest institutions of Sparta - Gerousia, i.e. the council of elders. If a child was born weak and sickly, he was thrown off a cliff. The healthy one was left with his mother until he reached the age of seven. Then he went to public school, where he spent time until he came of age, that is, until he was 18 years old. The school regime was very harsh. At school, the boys were engaged in physical exercises and military affairs. The purpose of education was to grow a strong, seasoned warrior. Philosophy and eloquence were not allowed. They learned to speak as briefly as possible - "succinctly" (from the name of the country - Laconia). In Sparta, the only city in Greece, great attention was paid to the education of women. It was believed that only a healthy mother can have healthy children. Therefore, the girls did not do housework. It was all done by the helots. Spartans, from childhood, went in for gymnastics and sports, they knew how to read, write, count, like boys. All the activities of the Spartan state were aimed at keeping the helots in obedience. In the Spartan state there was a popular assembly. This meeting decided questions about war and peace, but there was no voting. Everything was decided by shouting. Sparta had two kings at the same time. They had priestly functions and were considered sacred. The most powerful and actually governing body was the assembly of elders - representatives of the most influential clans and families of Sparta. The military advantage of Sparta and the Peloponnesian League led by it did not raise doubts throughout Greece. The Spartan system was the most reactionary among the ancient Greek states. Compared to other trade and craft policies, the rapid socio-economic and political development of Attica, led by the most famous policy in the historical tradition - Athens - came a little later. According to legend, in ancient times the basilei ruled in Athens, whose residence was on a fortified rock - the acropolis. However, the position of basileus was not abolished in Athens, but it gradually lost its political significance. Head of the Athenian aristocratic polis during the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. BC e. a new additional person becomes - archonite. The popular assembly in Athens, as in other aristocratic policies, was untenable. In the XNUMXth century. BC e. Crafts and trade began to develop in Athens. The winner of the Olympic Games, Cylon, popular in Athens, decided to take advantage of the aggravated relations between the aristocracy and the demos to become an Athenian tyrant. Around 640 BC. e. at a festival in honor of Zeus, he captured the Acropolis with his followers. In 621 B.C. e. Archonite-dismothetes Draconite promulgated the legal norms he had written down. They went down in history under the name "Draconian laws", which became an epithet for excessively cruel laws in general. To conquer the island of Salamis in 594 BC. e. was elected Archon of Solon. Solon's reforms can be divided into economic and political. With his reforms, he legalized those naturally developed socio-economic and political relations that were not allowed to proceed by the Eupatrides; who were in power before Solon. The reforms of Cleisthenes completed the process of registration of the Athenian democratic slave-owning policy. Author: Irina Tkachenko
What was the subject of the dispute between the commander and the crew that caused the crash of the Soviet plane? On October 20, 1986, the Tu-134 aircraft, flying from Sverdlovsk to Grozny, was supposed to make an intermediate landing in Kuibyshev. The commander argued with the crew that he could land the plane blindly, focusing only on the readings of the instruments. Having made a mistake in calculations, he landed at the wrong angle, as a result of which the plane drove without landing gear along the runway, went down to the ground, rolled over and caught fire. The co-pilot's viewing window was not covered by a metal curtain, but it did not interfere with the actions of the first. Of the 94 passengers and crew, only 24 survived.
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