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What were the main features of the ancient states of India and China? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What were the main features of the ancient states of India and China? Modern historians believe that India emerged from the meeting of two civilizations: the urban trading one that developed in the Indus Valley, and the pastoral-nomadic civilization, distantly related to the Celtic, Greek and Roman civilizations, which spread from Persia in the XNUMXth century. BC e. In the XNUMXth century. BC e. The era of large and rich cities of the Indus Valley ends, and the Vedic peoples, who settled on the banks of the Ganges, create a system of independent communities that exists to this day in India, where the land belongs to no one and where all religions are recognized. Each member of the community receives his share of the fruits of common labor and observes the customs of the caste to which he belongs from birth and from which he cannot leave. This peculiar historical process, when the village replaces the city, allows the rural community to absorb all its conquerors down to the present day, without falling apart itself. Thus, the leaders of the Aryan nomadic tribes, who came from the warrior class and were at the top of the social ladder, were replaced by representatives of the Brahmin religious castes, engaged in the performance of ritual rites. Warlike deities led by the god-king Indra, to whom the leaders made bloody sacrifices, gave way to the gods of Hinduism - Krishna, Rama and Shiva, who embodied the hope of personal liberation for every Hindu. In the 16th century. BC BC, at the time of the Buddha, there were at least XNUMX states in the Ganges valley with unclear borders, ruled by short-lived dynasties. Around the XNUMXst century. n. e. India gains its modern appearance thanks to trade routes. The Long Road crosses India north from the Bay of Bengal to Afghanistan. Caravans transport goods from areas that, after the adoption of the caste system, are experiencing an unprecedented economic boom. By uniting into professional corporations, the castes of artisans and merchants enrich themselves. Having accepted Buddhism, since it preaches peace that is beneficial for doing business, they donate to the construction of cave temples and monasteries, taking care of the spread of this teaching. Indian art is entering its first period of flowering. During the period from the XNUMXth to the XNUMXth centuries. India has been enriched with countless architectural masterpieces. The Vardhana family did a lot to decorate the cities of Patna Gwalior. The religious renewal of India began from within. The teaching - monism - turned the whole of India upside down. Shankara (philosopher) preached throughout the country and founded several universities. The growth in the number of small kingdoms makes India prosperous, but makes it vulnerable to any invader. The Indians were tireless travelers, bold traders, but by no means invaders. The Indians gave the world many miracles: Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka, the temples of Angkor Wat in Cambodia, etc. The modern name of the country, China, comes from the Mongol-speaking Khitan people, who captured and held it in the late XNUMXth and early XNUMXth centuries. n. e. northern regions of the country. The Chinese themselves called their country Zhong Guo - “Middle State”, or by the name of one of the ruling dynasties; according to another version, it came from the name of the powerful kingdom of Qin, an exemplary empire created by the ruler Qin Shi-Huangdi. The prehistoric period of China's development ends during the reign of the Shang Dynasty. In the Shan city-palaces - religious and military centers - there were markets, workshops of artisans: carriage workers, bronze casters, potters. The ruler "Son of Heaven" was revered as a link connecting heaven, man and Earth. By his virtues, he ensured the natural order of things: he is credited with the spread of the calendar. Although the peasants lived under the protection of the cities, where they supplied products for sacrifices, they nevertheless constituted a separate community. Know, in addition to the administration of religious cults, indulged in war and hunting. During the festivities in honor of the ancestors and gods, a huge number of captives and wild animals were sacrificed. Having bypassed the stage of forging metals, the Chinese were engaged in casting iron 1600 years before this process became known in Europe. This discovery made it possible to establish mass production of tools for plowing land, excavation work, building irrigation structures and developing new plots of land. Peasant work was divided into male and female. Men cultivated the fields, harvested, hunted and fished. Women bred a silkworm, weaved, drove alcohol from grain. In 221 B.C. e. The ruler of the kingdom of Qin put an end to the feuds of petty rulers, united all Chinese states, accepting the title of First Emperor. He replaced the feudal system with a centralized system of bureaucratic government. For the construction of the Great Wall, a huge army of workers from among the poor, forced laborers, and convicts was assembled. The wall was maintained in order until the XNUMXth century, when it lost its strategic importance. Chinese calligraphy is as great an art as painting. Chinese writing conveys meaning, not sounds and words. The basis of the administrative apparatus of the Empire was formed by educated officials, whose importance was increasingly strengthened as new institutions were established. Education, though lengthy and expensive, was open to any capable person, regardless of background. In 1024, paper money was issued for the first time in human history. China possessed the highest quality goods and therefore aroused the envy of its neighbors, who enriched themselves by collecting tribute. In the field of science and technology, China is far ahead of Europe. Author: Irina Tkachenko
What is the pituitary gland? The pituitary gland is part of the body's endocrine system. The endocrine system is made up of glands located throughout the body. These glands produce active chemicals called hormones. The secretions from these glands go directly into the bloodstream and are distributed throughout the body. In general, the endocrine system is related to the regulation of many processes occurring in the body. And the pituitary gland, which is part of this system, controls many processes in the body. This is the most important organ that regulates growth, monitors milk production and controls other endocrine glands. It is surprising that this vital gland is no larger than the size of a pea, and weighs about the same! The pituitary gland attaches to the lower surface of the brain and is protected by bone. Despite its small size, this gland is divided into two parts, which are called the anterior and posterior lobes. The posterior lobe, which is smaller than the anterior lobe, has over 50 nerve endings connecting it to various parts of the body! The pituitary gland controls the growth of children by acting on another gland, the thyroid. The pituitary gland also controls human sexual development. He is also responsible for metabolism, that is, the conversion of nutrients into various types of energy. The pituitary gland is also associated with certain muscles, kidneys and other organs. Tumors can develop on this gland, which increase or decrease its activity, as a result of which people can reach enormous heights or remain dwarfed.
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