How do rubies differ from sapphires in their chemical composition? Detailed answer

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How do rubies differ from sapphires in their chemical composition? Detailed answer

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What is the chemical composition of rubies and sapphires?

Ruby and sapphire stones are varieties of the same corundum mineral, but having a different color due to various impurities. If corundum is red, it is called ruby, and it is valued above sapphire, which is blue or another color. Yellow-orange sapphires are sometimes referred to as padparadscha.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What is a petrel?

First of all, it must be said that the petrel is a bird, but rather unusual. Its English name ("petrel") comes from Saint Peter, who was known to be able to walk on water, and these birds seem to be able to do the same! All we know about them is that they have webbed feet (the smallest of the webbed birds) and that they somehow manage to float above the water, as if they are "walking" on its surface.

Petrel - an ocean bird, it spends almost all its life above the ocean, and on land it appears only during the period of laying eggs. Travelers on the sea can see how he describes circles around the ship or flies right over the crests of the waves. If a storm comes up, petrels can't "walk" on water and therefore have to stay in the air day and night! The petrel is about the size of a swallow.

Petrels that appear on the east and south coasts of the United States during the summer are called "Wilson's petrels". They have a completely black plumage with a white mark near the tail. In length, they reach about 18 centimeters, have a short beak and long, stilt-like paws. They greet travelers with friendly chatter, but they cannot sing.

Another petrel can only be found in the northern seas, such as the Arctic Ocean and the Bering Sea. It's called the Lich's Stormer. It is brownish black in color and nests in holes or burrows in the ground or in rock crevices. During breeding seasons, this bird tries to hide from everyone. Hundreds of birds can gather in one place, and no one will see them!

There are other types of petrels, about 80 in total, which can be found in all the oceans of the world, especially in the southern seas. The largest of them is the gigantic petrel, 88 centimeters in size. Another, which is called the "diving petrel", has a length of 18-25 centimeters.

All petrels belong to the order Probenosed because their nostrils are tubular.

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Random news from the Archive

The world's first mine hydroelectric power station was launched 25.07.2020

A new type of hydroelectric power plant, developed at the Technical University of Munich, provides electricity to about 800 houses and does little harm to nature.

Although hydroelectric power stations are considered to be quite an environmentally friendly source of energy, they still cause damage to nature. In addition to changing the river landscape, such power plants are also deadly for fish that enter the turbines along with the flow, and in addition, they change the habitual migration routes and habitats of river fauna.

German scientists claim that the mine hydroelectric power station developed by them is devoid of these shortcomings. As the name implies, the turbine and generator of such a station are located in a shaft in front of the dam below the level of the bottom of the river channel. The water flows through the shaft, turns the turbine and flows out from below under the dam. A small part of the water passes from above - above the mine and the dam.

The mechanism of the station is designed in such a way that despite the high efficiency, the water flow in the mine is rather weak, and as studies on various prototypes have shown, most fish are able to swim through it without any damage. They can also go downstream through two special openings in the dam, and climb back - along the ladder fish passage.

In addition, the mine hydroelectric power station does not retain boulders and wood that move with the flow and are important, in particular, for spawning. They remain on the grate that closes the mine, and then they are simply thrown down from the dam by a special mechanism.

Shaft HPPs can be built on rivers of completely different sizes, with different dam heights and with different numbers of shafts. This first power plant, built on the Bavarian River Loisach, has two shafts with a fall height of 2,5 meters.

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