What do American and Russian cosmonauts write in zero gravity? Detailed answer

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What do American and Russian cosmonauts write in zero gravity? Detailed answer

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What do American and Russian cosmonauts write in zero gravity?

According to a common myth, NASA has invested several million dollars to develop a pen that can write in space, while Russian cosmonauts used simple pencils. In fact, at first, Americans also wrote with pencils, only mechanical ones, or felt-tip pens. The disadvantage of using them was that if broken, the small parts of the pencil could cause harm to the astronauts. In the second half of the 1960s, inventor Paul Fisher designed a pen that could write in any conditions and offered it to NASA for $6 each. Subsequently, these pens were purchased by the Soviet (and then Russian) space agencies.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Who made the first balloon flight?

Relatively recently, by historical standards, on June 5, 1783, the French inventors brothers Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier demonstrated for the first time a model of a balloon filled with warm air. It was this day that began to be considered the beginning of the era of aeronautics - the first step on the long and thorny path of conquering the "fifth ocean" by man.

These balloons, hot air balloons, completely obeyed the will of the wind and first rose into the air without passengers. On September 19, 1783, it was not the inventor brothers themselves who went on the first "manned" flight, but a duck, a rooster and a ram.

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Robots will sew clothes for the military 22.06.2012

Defense science agency DARPA wants to revolutionize clothing manufacturing by fully automating the process.

The Pentagon has provided a $1,25 million grant to develop a concept for fully automating the sewing process. Initially, this will completely change the process of providing the army with uniforms, which in the United States spend about $ 4 billion annually. In the future, the new technology will spread to the civilian commercial market, which will make the biggest revolution in sewing since the invention of the needle. Automated lines will be able to produce huge quantities of cheap clothes without employing thousands of seamstresses from developing countries.

Despite the giant leap forward in various fields of science and technology, sewing clothes still requires a lot of manual labor. Most often, the poorest people on the planet are involved in this exhausting work, who receive mere pennies for their work. The contractors who make military clothing for the US Army alone use the almost free labor of more than 50 workers. Also, professional athletes who earn millions of dollars a year flaunt clothes made by poor children from countries like Bangladesh. At the same time, the cost of clothing in stores in many countries is very high.

The Pentagon is encouraged by the success of some companies that have developed the first prototypes of seamstress robots. For example, SoftWear Automation Inc., a DARPA grant, has developed a promising automated system that relies on very precise monitoring of fabric structure to move it in the right direction and stitch it in the right order. According to the concept of SoftWear Automation, a serial seamstress robot will be equipped with manipulators for capturing pieces of fabric and machine vision capable of identifying individual sections of future clothing.

The robot will solve a simple "puzzle" and use suction cups to place the fabric in the correct order under the sewing machine needle. The output will be a finished item of clothing, and its design can be easily changed using modern computer modeling technologies. According to the developers, the automated sewing system will save billions of dollars for the army and be able to sew clothes at a cost lower than in China or any other country with very low labor costs.

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