How many tools does a mosquito use in one bite? Detailed answer

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How many tools does a mosquito use in one bite? Detailed answer

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How many tools does a mosquito use in one bite?

Mosquitoes and other blood-sucking insects produce a bite not with one proboscis, but with a whole arsenal of means. The tip of the proboscis is used in the initial phase to find a good place on the skin of the victim, and the exact mechanism of this process is not yet clear. Then there are two mandibles, which pierce the skin and are used as spacers, and two maxillae with teeth at the ends, which serve to widen the wound by sawing. Then comes the turn of two hollow needles: saliva with an anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting is injected through the hypopharynx, and direct blood absorption occurs through the labrum.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What is an appendix?

The appendix may seem like a part of the body that we can do without, and as if even in a healthy state, it does nothing special for us. The appendix is a hollow tube about 8-15 centimeters long, closed on one side. In other words, it is a "blind" tube that leads nowhere.

The appendix is located at the beginning of the large intestine, in the lower part of the abdominal cavity, on the right. Therefore, the appendix is something like a process of the large intestine. The wall of the appendix has the same layers as the wall of the intestine. The inner layer secretes sticky mucus. Beneath it is a layer of lymphoid tissue. It is in this tissue that sometimes troubles occur. This tissue can swell when an infection occurs in the body. The contents of the intestine enter the appendix, but it is difficult to remove from it.

When the tissue becomes inflamed, the contents of this process may remain there and harden. The blood vessels in the appendix can become occluded by hardened matter and inflamed tissue, which cuts off blood flow and can cause infection. Since appendicitis, that is, inflammation of the appendix, occurs quite often, many people are very wary of the symptoms.

Typical signs of appendicitis are pain, relaxation and cramps in the abdomen on the right. Sometimes the pain is felt first in the pit of the stomach, and then it goes to the right side of the abdomen. The first signs of appendicitis in children may be crying, vomiting, refusal to eat. Sometimes parents in such cases give the child a laxative, and this is very dangerous. You should always consult a doctor if these symptoms appear.

There is only one treatment for someone with acute appendicitis: immediate surgery to remove the appendix. This is a fairly simple operation that does not pose any particular danger.

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Vulnerability of USB devices 09.08.2014

German experts have discovered a fundamental vulnerability in all USB devices. When a device is infected, the user will simply have to throw it away, since the malicious code will be located directly in the chip responsible for its operation. No antivirus can reach this controller.

Any USB device can become a hacker's tool: a mouse, a flash drive, a keyboard, an external hard drive, or even a smartphone connected via a USB interface. This is warned by Jakob Lell and Karsten Nohl, experts at the German consulting firm Security Research Labs.

According to experts, every USB peripheral includes a chip - an interface controller - that can be easily reflashed. There is no protection that could prevent this action.

After flashing the USB controller, an attacker can, for example, emulate a USB keyboard, then enter commands on behalf of the user and install malicious software, penetrate the network card in order to change the DNS so that all Internet traffic flows through the hacker's node, or launch a virus into the operating system right during the PC boot (provided that the compromised device is connected to it at that moment).

"To date, we do not have information about effective methods of protection against such attacks," - say Lel and Nol. The antivirus installed on the PC will never know that the controller firmware has been changed, because it simply does not have access to this chip. Firewalls that could block USB devices of a certain class do not yet exist. And even behavioral analysis technologies are not suitable in such a case, since emulation of another device will be perceived only as a device change by the user himself.

Experts believe that if the system is infected in this way, the problem will be very difficult to fix. Even reinstalling the OS will not help get rid of viruses, since they will be inside the controllers, and not on the hard drive with system files. The virus can also infect other devices that are connected to the PC via USB, such as a webcam or speaker system.

"After a PC is infected, all peripheral devices that are connected to it via a USB interface can never be trusted," the experts conclude.

At the Black Hat conference, which will be held in Las Vegas (USA), the researchers plan to present a report on the discovered new type of vulnerability.

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