Why were Neanderthals portrayed incorrectly in textbooks for a long time? Detailed answer

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Why were Neanderthals portrayed incorrectly in textbooks for a long time? Detailed answer

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Why were Neanderthals portrayed incorrectly in textbooks for a long time?

The French paleontologist Marcellin Boulle was the first to describe a Neanderthal based on bones found in 1908. Not knowing that he got the skeleton of a Neanderthal man with arthritis, Buhl made an illustration where he presented him as hunched and gorilla-shaped. Similar images have been printed in textbooks for several decades.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Why are some of Euler's discoveries named after other scientists?

Leonhard Euler made a huge number of discoveries. A large number of physical and mathematical objects are named in his honor, and more than once: there are several Euler formulas, Euler equations, Euler theorems, Euler numbers. To avoid too much ambiguity, some of these discoveries and theorems are named after the scientists who first made or proved them after Euler.

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X-ray deflection 16.11.2015

Scientists from the University of Göttingen (Germany) have developed an X-ray waveguide capable of deflecting the beam at an angle of up to 30°. A waveguide is a special channel through which an X-ray beam passes. It has the effect of total internal reflection, when all the light falling on the boundary of two media is reflected from it without absorption and refraction.

For X-rays, the so-called critical angle is less than one degree, so if the waveguide is bent too much, all the radiation will be scattered into the environment. To meet the conditions, the waveguide was made with a diameter of 100 nanometers, and tantalum was chosen as the basis - a metal with a high density, a relatively large critical angle, and capable of absorbing X-rays.

Several channels with different curvature for intense radiation were etched into a tantalum plate, and the beam was focused in such a way that its thickness at the entrance to the waveguide was several hundred nanometers. A detector was placed opposite the plate, which determined how far the beam deviated from its original position. It turned out that the most pronounced beam was obtained with a curvature radius of only 10 millimeters, and the length of the waveguide was about 5 millimeters.

One of the promising applications of such waveguides can be the technique of X-ray holography, as well as integrated optical microcircuits for X-rays.

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