Where do ostriches put their heads in case of danger? Detailed answer

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Where do ostriches put their heads in case of danger? Detailed answer

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Where do ostriches put their heads in case of danger?

When ostriches hide from predators, they put their neck and head on the ground, and from a distance they look like a mound of earth. Most likely, it was this feature of bird behavior that served as the basis for the legend that ostriches hide their heads in the sand when in danger.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

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A new form of amorphous ice has been obtained 07.02.2023

A team of British chemists has ground ordinary ice in a ball mill at a temperature of 77 kelvins and obtained a new form of amorphous ice. This is the name of ice, which, unlike crystalline ice, Ih does not have an ordered molecular structure. The open form was stable at atmospheric pressure up to 1,1 gigapascals. Scientists gave it the name amorphous ice of medium density.

The phase diagram of water reveals about 20 of its crystalline forms, as well as two amorphous phases, characterized by a lack of order in the arrangement of molecules. The latter are divided into two types: amorphous ice of high and low density. At atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 77 kelvins, the first has a density of 1,13 g per cubic centimeter, and the second - 0,94 g per cubic centimeter. At the same time, they have been known since the last century, and no amorphous forms of ice have been found during this time in the density interval between them.

However, the curiosity of scientists does not weaken, because it is amorphous ice that is believed to be the most common in the universe. And in their work, chemists from University College London were able to find a previously unknown form of amorphous ice.

In their experiments, the scientists used the ball mill method, which is popular for studying amorphous forms of materials. With its help, amorphization occurs through interaction with balls that affect the crystals with compression and shear forces, introducing defects. For ice, this method had not been used before, so in their work, chemists were the first to decide to grind ordinary Ih ice in such a mill. To do this, they cooled it to the temperature of liquid helium - 77 kelvins - added stainless steel balls to the ice, and then shook them together. For 80 cycles of such grinding, scientists received a sample, the analysis of which indicated that they had managed to acquire a new amorphous form of ice.

The general appearance of the ice obtained in the mill is large pieces of densely packed powder, the density of which scientists estimated at 1,06 g per cubic centimeter. This value is just in the gap between the already known low-density and high-density amorphous ice, so scientists gave the new form the name medium-density amorphous ice. Comparisons of the diffraction characteristics of all three forms indicate that the ice discovered by chemists has a unique structure. With an increase in pressure (and at a constant temperature of 77 kelvins), after the mark of 1,1 gigapascals, the ice begins to turn into amorphous ice of high density.

Grinding other phases of ice (II, IX and V) in the same way did not bring new forms to scientists, which may indicate that it is "ordinary" ice l that is especially subject to amorphization.

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