Who invited the physicist Hans Bethe to co-author of a scientific work just for the beauty of the list? Detailed answer

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Who invited the physicist Hans Bethe to co-author of a scientific work just for the beauty of the list? Detailed answer

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Who invited the physicist Hans Bethe to co-author of a scientific work just for the beauty of the list?

Physicists Ralph Alfer and Georgy Gamow, before publishing their work on primary nucleosynthesis - the formation of chemical elements during the Big Bang - invited Hans Bethe as co-authors only so that their names would form a beautiful combination of the first three letters of the Greek alphabet. For brevity, the scientific community calls this article "αβγ paper". Some calculations for the work were made on a computer by Ralph Herman, who was offered to change his surname to Delter and also get on the list of authors, but he refused.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

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What is Darwin's theory?

For a long time people believed (and some religious groups still think so) that each form of life appeared on Earth separately and nothing ever changed. They also believed that the Earth itself was about four thousand years old. Scientists claim that they have shown the incorrectness of these judgments. Life forms have undergone many changes over their long history. They went very slowly. All these changes can be summed up in one term - evolution. Evolution describes many of the changes that have taken place, and is also a theory that explains them. The man who laid the foundations of the modern theory of evolution was Charles Darwin.

Darwin said that everything in life develops and the descendants belonging to the same species may differ from the parental forms. These ideas were not new or unusual. But Darwin suggested exactly how evolution could have gone. Darwin introduced the concept of natural selection. He said that nature "selects" the organisms most adapted to survive in the "struggle for existence." Each organism is slightly different from other organisms, has its own individual characteristics. Some have features that make them more survivable than others. Consequently, they live longer and have more offspring.

Thus, "preferred" features are passed on to more descendants. Little by little life forms became so different from their ancestors that biologists classified them into separate and distinct species. Darwin considered this a consequence of the formation of new species. His theory still forms the basis of modern concepts of evolution.

Later, biologists discovered that certain tiny chemical particles, called genes, determine the characteristics that are passed from one generation to the next. Genes change from time to time, in other words, they mutate. Altered genes cause changes in traits, and if these changes are conducive to survival, they can be passed on to subsequent generations.

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Miniature Particle Accelerator Powering the Laser 23.07.2021

Chinese scientists have built a free electron laser, which can be considered a miniature (installation length - only 12 meters) version of multi-kilometer particle accelerators.

Physicists in China at the Shanghai Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics (SIOM) have used a small "wake field plasma accelerator" to power a laser called a free electron laser (FEL).

Physicists have long wanted to make particle accelerators more compact, so the work of Chinese scientists who have made significant progress towards this goal is encouraging. The Chinese free electron laser is still inferior to classical particle accelerators in terms of capabilities, but this is forgivable, given the relatively modest size of the facility.

The tiny FEL is very different from its larger counterparts, which generate beams billions of times brighter than other X-ray sources, with an energy spread of just 0,1%. It produces much weaker pulses of longer wavelength ultraviolet light with an energy spread of 2%.

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