Who and when tried to swim on a submarine with a sail? Detailed answer

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Who and when tried to swim on a submarine with a sail? Detailed answer

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Who and when tried to swim on a submarine with a sail?

In 1942, the Soviet submarine Shch-421 was blown up by a German anti-submarine mine, losing its course and the ability to dive. So that the ship would not be blown to the shore of the enemy, it was decided to sew a sail and raise it on the periscope. However, it was no longer possible to sail to the base, just as it was not even possible to tow the submarine with the help of other ships. After the appearance of German torpedo boats, the crew was evacuated, and the submarine was flooded.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

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Coffee reduces the risk of liver disease 29.06.2022

An international team of scientists has brought good news about coffee, with a recent study showing how the beloved beverage is associated with impressive health benefits, such as a reduced risk of liver disease.

Researchers often find that coffee consumption is associated with lower blood sugar levels, improved cognition, protection from age-related dementia, and even longer life. All these relationships are correlational, not causal, but it is absolutely certain that coffee can at least improve our mood from 8 am to noon.

A new study has focused on why our bodies feel so good from coffee (and tea, which also contains caffeine). In most scientific papers on the effect of coffee and tea on human health, it is the correlation that is indicated. It would not be superfluous to find out the details, scientists from the Netherlands, Great Britain, Germany, France and the USA decided. They looked at epigenetic changes, i.e. influence on the genes of external factors (in this case, tea and coffee).

“Epigenetics are DNA modifications that do not affect the main sequence, but accumulate in gene expression,” write the authors of the study in a preprint on BioRxiv, the scientific portal of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. “Epigenetics is a mechanism for the indirect influence of dietary and lifestyle factors on disease risk."

The study involved 15 volunteers of European and African American origin. The large sample size and multi-ethnic contributions were the driving force behind this work.

By controlling for other factors influencing epigenetics, the researchers focused on associations specific to coffee and tea consumption and found an association with reduced risk of obesity and cirrhosis of the liver, as well as the development of cardiovascular disease.

The process by which caffeine affects our genes is called DNA methylation. The more scientists learn about this process, the more they see it as key to managing "epigenetic switches" in the growing list of diseases and disorders catching up with humans as we age.

"Overall, the study shows that coffee consumption is associated with varying levels of DNA methylation and that associated epigenetic variation may explain the mechanism of coffee's effect in determining disease risk," the researchers said.

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