What spacecraft did the newspapers call the upsnik? Detailed answer

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What spacecraft did the newspapers call the upsnik? Detailed answer

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What spacecraft did the newspapers call the upsnik?

On December 6, 1957, two months after the launch of the first Soviet satellite in history, the Americans tried to launch their Vanguard TV3 apparatus. Two seconds after launch, the rocket exploded. This failure was severely criticized by American newspapers, who coined many neologisms for the device based on the word "satellite", including "upsnik" and "kaputnik". A few days later, the Soviet representative at the UN sympathetically asked his American colleague if the United States needed humanitarian aid allocated by the USSR for undeveloped countries.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What is the third space velocity?

The third cosmic speed is the minimum speed that must be reported to a body (for example, a spacecraft) near the surface of the Earth so that it can, having overcome the gravitational attraction of the Earth and the Sun, leave the solar system forever.

The third cosmic velocity is approximately 16,6 kilometers per second (when launched at an altitude of 200 kilometers above the earth's surface), while the direction of the body's velocity relative to the Earth must coincide with the direction of the velocity of the Earth's orbital motion.

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Repair of damaged cartilage 21.10.2013

Researchers at the Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne (Switzerland) have developed a material that can be used for controlled release of a substance when subjected to cyclic mechanical loading. This material is expected to be useful in the treatment of specific tissues such as cartilage.

The knee cartilage, in order to recover, must be under mechanical stress, similar to what happens when we walk and our weight is placed on our knees. With this exposure, chondrocytes - cartilage tissue cells - produce receptors that are susceptible to growth stimulants produced by the body. It is at this point that chondrocytes are most susceptible to drugs.

Researchers from Switzerland have taken this natural process as a basis and developed a smart material that releases a substance only under mechanical stress. The material consists of a hydrogel, liposome nanoparticles (closed bubbles formed in mixtures of phospholipids and water) and an active substance (in the experiment it is a dye).

When exposed to cyclic mechanical loads, the hydrogel matrix heats up. After that, the diameter of the liposomes expands, which in turn frees up space in the matrix, increases its permeability and facilitates the release of the dye.

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