What code was set to launch US nuclear missiles in the 1960s and 70s? Detailed answer

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What code was set to launch US nuclear missiles in the 1960s and 70s? Detailed answer

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What code was set to launch US nuclear missiles in the 1960s and 70s?

In 1960, the United States began production of ground-based intercontinental nuclear ballistic missiles Minuteman. They had a mechanism for protection against accidental launch - using a digital display, the operator had to enter a code. However, the command ordered to install on all such missiles - and their number eventually reached 1000 - the same code 00000000 (eight zeros in a row). This approach was supposed to ensure a quick response at the outbreak of a nuclear war. Only in 1977 did the command take into account the threat of nuclear terrorism and decided to change the easy code, known to all officers, to an individual one for each missile.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

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Digital barometric pressure sensor - altimeter Infineon DPS310 21.02.2017

The new digital pressure sensor Infineon DPS310 is capable of measuring atmospheric pressure with high accuracy, which allows it to be used in altimeters with a resolution of up to 5 centimeters. The DPS310 also provides a temperature value with an error of no more than +- 0,5 ° C, which makes it an excellent candidate for a weather station measuring unit. Due to the very low current consumption of 1,7 μA and the miniature size, the microcircuit can be used in portable battery equipment.

The sensing element of the sensor uses a capacitive measuring principle, which guarantees high accuracy over wide temperature changes. The internal signal processor converts the output signal from the pressure and temperature sensors into a digital code up to 24 bits wide. Each DP310 is individually calibrated, and the personal coefficients calculated during this process are stored in non-volatile memory. The calibration data is used by the application to convert measurements into temperature and pressure values with high accuracy.

The output data buffer FIFO can store up to 32 measurements, which allows you to reduce the speed of polling the sensor by the host processor. Measurement results and calibration factors are available via I2C or SPI serial interface. The operation of the encoder can be monitored via status bits or an interrupt signal can be used, which can be issued on the SDO line.

Features of DPSZ10:

Working range: Pressure: 300 - 1200 hPa. Temperature: -40 - 85 °C
Pressure Sensor Accuracy: +- 0,005 hPa (or +- 0,05 m) (high precision mode)
Relative error: +- 0,06 hPa (or +- 0,5 m)
Absolute error: +- 1 hPa (or +- 8 m)
Temperature measurement accuracy: +- 0,5 ° C
Temperature sensitivity by pressure measurement: 0.5Pa / K
Measurement time: Typical value: 27,6 ms for standard mode (16x). Minimum: 3.6 ms for low precision mode
Average current consumption: 1,7uA for pressure measurement, 1,5uA for temperature measurement (@ sampling rate 1Hz), standby: 0,5uA
Supply voltage: VDD: 1,7 - 3,6 V; VDDIO: 1,2 - 3,6V
Operating modes: Command (manual), Background (automatic), Standby mode
Calibration: Individually calibrated with saving coefficients for measurement correction
FIFO: Stores up to 32 pressure or temperature measurements
Interface: I2C and SPI (both interruptable)
Enclosure: 8-pin LGA connector, 2,0mm x 2,5mm x 1,0mm.

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