What language is the motto on the coat of arms of Great Britain written in? Detailed answer

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What language is the motto on the coat of arms of Great Britain written in? Detailed answer

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What language is the motto on the coat of arms of Great Britain written in?

The motto on the coat of arms of Great Britain is written in French: "Dieu et mon droit", which means "God and my right". This is explained by the fact that after the Norman conquest of England in the royal court and in aristocratic circles, French was the main language of communication.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

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In 1928, two Protestant parishes united in Toronto: the Congregational Church on Bond Street and the Presbyterian Church on St. James Square. The new organization was called the United Church of St. James Bond. In 2005, it ceased to exist under this name due to another merger.

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Drops of quantum mechanics 03.01.2018

A team of physicists from the Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO), Barcelona, Spain, have created liquid droplets that are 100 million times smaller than ordinary water droplets and that obey the laws of strange quantum mechanics. The droplets were created at the nodes of an optical lattice-trap of laser beams, and even at such a microscopic scale, they showed all the basic properties of liquid droplets - retaining their shape and volume regardless of temperature. However, the droplets of this quantum liquid were much denser than any other liquid droplets that exist under normal conditions.

In order to create quantum liquid droplets, Spanish scientists cooled a gas consisting of potassium atoms to a temperature of -273,15 degrees Celsius. At this temperature, the atoms formed a Bose-Einstein condensate, a state of matter in which all of its atoms are synchronized with each other at the quantum level, due to which the entire condensate behaves like one large atom, subject only to the laws of quantum physics.

When the researchers combined two independent condensates, they formed droplets of a quantum liquid. Scientists managed to do something similar before, the substance of these droplets was connected by the forces of electromagnetic interactions between molecules. In contrast, the droplets obtained by the Spanish scientists kept their shape due to the phenomenon of "quantum fluctuations".

Quantum fluctuations are a consequence of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, according to which quantum particles do not have strictly defined parameters. Their parameters such as energy level, position and orientation in space can only be described in terms of probability. And if we take these probabilities of the current position of quantum particles, velocities and directions of their movement, we can calculate the magnitude of their interactions, which manifests itself in the form of pressure. But the most interesting thing is that if we add up the force and the pressure vector of all quantum particles, then an unusual fact will be revealed, the particles attract each other to a greater extent than they repel each other. And it is precisely due to this attraction that they bind into droplets of a quantum liquid that can retain their shape.

Measurements carried out by scientists have shown that droplets of a quantum liquid made of potassium atoms are liquid to a greater extent than droplets of an ordinary superfluid liquid, liquid helium, for example. In terms of flow index and other basic parameters inherent in liquids, a quantum liquid outperforms any superfluid liquid by two to eight orders of magnitude, which opens up ample opportunities for physicists to conduct experiments using a quantum liquid.

However, quantum liquid droplets have some limits that limit their applications. For example, if the number of atoms in one droplet becomes more than a certain value, then the droplet collapses, and the quantum liquid turns into a gas, which tends to fill all the available space, like any other gaseous substance.

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