What evolutionary changes are characteristic of all birds entering the islands? Detailed answer

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What evolutionary changes are characteristic of all birds entering the islands? Detailed answer

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What evolutionary changes are characteristic of all birds entering the islands?

Once on the islands, many birds evolve into flightless ones - this is how, for example, dodos, kakapo, kiwi and more than a thousand other species appeared. This is due to the fact that with less danger from predators, birds do not need strong wing muscles. A large-scale comparison of populations of both mainland and island species has shown that island representatives always have weaker flight musculature and longer legs. Such changes are typical even for hummingbirds, which spend their whole lives fluttering.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

When were glasses invented?

Take a look around and you will see that a significant number of people wear glasses. We are so used to seeing people with glasses that it is hard to imagine a time when they were not. People with poor eyesight had to cope with this as best they could. No one knows for sure when glasses were invented. In 1266, Roger Bacon, an English monk who did many interesting experiments, found a way to enlarge the letters in a book to make them easier to read. He just put a piece of glass ball on top of the book! Of course, it didn't help in the way glasses do.

The first glasses can be seen in the portrait of the cardinal, which was painted in 1352 in Italy. It had two framed lenses connected by a crossbar. When printed books began to appear, glasses became a necessity for many people and their use became widespread. In the XNUMXth century they were made in large numbers in northern Italy and southern Germany.

In 1784, Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals, which are two different types of lenses in the same frame. To understand how glasses help a person see better, you need to know what the eyes are. The eye is spherical in shape with a slight bulge in front. In the center of this bulge is the pupil, through the opening of which a beam of light penetrates into the dark interior of the eye. A beam of light passes through the hole in the pupil to the lens. The lens focuses light, giving an image of a visible object at the back of the eyeball. There is a septum of light-sensitive cells called the retina.

In some people, the eyeball is slightly extended from front to back; in others, the eyeball is too short and the lens cannot focus a clear image onto the retina. Glasses give the eye an additional lens, which corrects the work of the lens of the eye so that a clear image is focused on the retina. And you see better!

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