How do dolphins solve the problem of breathing atmospheric oxygen during sleep? Detailed answer

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How do dolphins solve the problem of breathing atmospheric oxygen during sleep? Detailed answer

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How do dolphins solve the problem of breathing atmospheric oxygen during sleep?

Dolphins need to constantly breathe atmospheric oxygen, for this they regularly emerge. To ensure such breathing during sleep, the hemispheres of the dolphin's brain sleep in turns.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

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New record in the field of high-temperature superconductivity 28.12.2018

A group of physicists from Germany has set a new record in the field of high-temperature superconductivity. According to a report published by them, the material they created begins to conduct electricity without resistance already at a temperature of 250 Kelvin (-23 degrees Celsius). This work was led by Mikhail Eremets, a physicist at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, who holds the previous record of 203 Kolvin (-70 degrees Celsius) set in 2014.

Superconductivity, a phenomenon discovered in 1911, is that materials that have non-zero electrical resistance lose resistance when cooled below a certain critical temperature. In a material that is in a state of superconductivity, an electric current flows completely freely, which eliminates the loss of energy to overcome the resistance of the material. Not all materials become superconductors even at the deepest cooling. In superconducting materials, the so-called Meissner effect takes place - the complete displacement of magnetic fields from the entire volume of the conductor.

The main goal that scientists are now striving for is to find materials that become superconductors at temperatures above 0 degrees Celsius. If this goal is achieved, it will revolutionize the fields of energy, electric motors, wireless power and data transmission. Much has been done in this direction in recent years. From time to time, various groups of scientists report their successes, but, as a rule, the created materials do not pass tests for repeatability and reproducibility of their properties.

Mikhail Yeremets' group managed to set a new record through early experiments with hydrogen sulfide (hydrogen sulfide), the gas that gives rotten eggs their characteristic smell. During the experiments, hydrogen sulfide was compressed to a pressure of 150 GPa, for comparison, the pressure in the center of the Earth's core ranges from 330 to 360 GPa. Since hydrogen sulfide molecules are quite light, they can vibrate at higher frequencies than molecules of heavier compounds. This explains the higher temperature superconductivity of this gaseous material. And high pressure is necessary to increase the density of hydrogen sulfide, and this prevents an increase in the amplitude of oscillations of each individual molecule of the gaseous material.

Experiments with hydrogen sulfide gave scientists knowledge that they applied in the following experiments, and the subject of later experiments was lanthanum hydride, which is under a pressure of about 170 GPa. At the beginning of this year, with the help of lanthanum hydride, scientists obtained the phenomenon of superconductivity at a temperature of 215 Kelvin, and after only a few months they managed to raise the critical temperature to the current 250 Kelvin.

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