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Why did the Roman Septumuleus remove the brain from the head of Gracchus and pour molten lead into it? Detailed answer

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Why did the Roman Septumuleus remove the brain from the head of Gracchus and pour molten lead into it?

In the political struggle that took place in Rome in 121 BC. and led to armed clashes, the consul Lucius Opimius defeated the people's tribune Gaius Sempronius Gracchus. Gracchus' head was given a reward of equal weight in gold. It was brought by a friend of Opimius Septumuli, having previously removed the brain and filled it with molten lead in its place. Septumuli received the award in full.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

 Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Where did the sorcerers live who practiced dressing pants from human skin?

In the Icelandic Museum of Witchcraft and Magic, so-called "necropants" are on display, made from the flayed skin of the lower body of a dead man. To get them, the Icelandic sorcerer had to obtain the consent of a person during his lifetime, and after death, dig up the body from the grave and tear off the skin in one piece. Then the ritual demanded to steal a coin from the widow and put the necropants in the scrotum along with a special sign drawn on a piece of paper. It was believed that wearing such pants would allow you to get rich quickly.

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Interaction of photons with pairs of atoms 25.08.2021

Scientists from the Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne (EPFL) have for the first time forced photons to interact with pairs of atoms. This breakthrough is important for the field of resonator quantum electrodynamics (QED), an advanced field that underpins quantum technologies.

Humanity is moving towards the widespread use of technologies based on quantum physics. But to achieve this, you first need to master how to make light interact with matter - or, to be more precise, photons with atoms. To some extent, the advanced field of resonator quantum electrodynamics (QED) is responsible for such technologies. Now it is already used in quantum networks and quantum information processing. But there is still a long way to go. The current interactions of light and matter are limited to single atoms, which limits the ability of humans to study them in the form of complex systems involved in quantum technologies.

In the new work, the researchers used a Fermi gas (or Fermi-Dirac ideal gas). This is a gas consisting of particles that satisfy the Fermi-Dirac statistics, that is, they have a small mass and a high concentration. For example, electrons in a metal. “In the absence of photons, gas can be obtained in a state where atoms interact with each other, forming loosely bound pairs,” explains Jean-Philippe Brantou from the EPFL School of Basic Sciences. “When light enters a gas, some of these pairs turn into chemically bonded molecules, being absorbed photons".

The key concept of the new effect is that it happens "coherently". This means that a photon is absorbed to turn a couple of atoms into a molecule, then emitted back and so on several times. The para-photon system forms a new type of particle state, which is called pair polariton-polariton. This was made possible by a system where photons are trapped in one place, where they have to interact strongly with atoms.

Hybrid pair polaritons acquire some of the properties of photons. This means that they can be measured by optical methods. They also take on some of the properties of a Fermi gas.

In the future, the technology will come in handy in quantum chemistry: scientists have demonstrated for the first time how certain chemical reactions can be coherently produced using single photons.

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