What is irrigation? Detailed answer

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What is irrigation? Detailed answer

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What is irrigation?

Irrigation, or land irrigation, is the artificial attraction of additional water to certain lands in order to accelerate the growth and maturation of plants. In ancient times, irrigation was a natural process. For example, the annual flooding of the Nile River brought a thin layer of silt to the fields. Together with him, the earth received a sufficient amount of water, and the plants could develop well.

Where irrigation occurred naturally, people sometimes built canals, reservoirs, drainage ditches. At the same time, water from the flood of rivers could go where it was required, or could be used in the future. These were the very first man-made irrigation facilities. These days, costly dams and storage facilities are needed to get enough water for irrigation. Their construction costs can be so great that not all lands are irrigated. Only crops such as vegetables and fruits generate enough income to cover these costs.

The type of irrigation facilities used depends on the type of crops grown. Infrequent irrigation is sufficient for pastures, fodder crops and grasses, as well as cereals. Furrow irrigation, that is, the distribution of water in ditches between rows, is required for sugar beets and vegetables. Sometimes a system of underground and surface pipes is laid. Irrigation is needed not only in dry areas.

In Asia, irrigation systems are essential for rice cultivation because rice fields must be constantly covered with water until harvest. In some parts of the world, supplemental irrigation is used. Pipes and sprinklers bring water to where it is needed most. This saves valuable crops from drought.

Author: Likum A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Why do we have a fever when we are sick?

The first thing a doctor or mother does when you feel unwell is to put a thermometer on you and take your temperature. This is how they try to find out if you have a "fever". The average body temperature of a person when he is healthy is 37 degrees Celsius. The disease causes the temperature to rise, and we call fever accompanied by chills a fever. Of course, not every disease causes a fever, but many do, and thus it is almost always a sign that something is wrong with your body.

In a hospital, a doctor or nurse usually takes the patient's temperature twice a day and enters it on a special chart showing fluctuations in body temperature. By looking at this chart, the doctor can tell quite accurately what disease the patient has, because different diseases are characterized by different temperature curves. The strangest thing about all this is that the doctors don't know what the nature of the fever is. But they know that it helps the body fight disease.

And here's how: a fever makes the body's vital processes run faster. The body produces more hormones, enzymes and blood cells. Hormones and enzymes, which are important chemicals produced inside our body, work more actively. Blood cells are more active in fighting pathogenic bacteria.

The blood circulates faster, we breathe more often, and this helps to rid the body of waste products and poisons more quickly. And it helps us fight the disease. But the body cannot afford to be feverish too often or for too long. High temperatures for 24 hours break down the proteins in your body. And since protein is a vital substance, fever can be called too "expensive" way to fight the disease.

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Hybrid aircraft launched 05.01.2015

An intermediate link for adapting drivers and changing the priorities of automakers for a smooth transition of the global industry from purely gasoline and diesel cars to vehicles with an electric installation can be called the so-called "hybrids" that combine two power units at once. However, in this case, the electric motor often performs an auxiliary function, being included in the work instead of the internal combustion engine in the low load mode. In addition, the regenerative braking system used in hybrid cars also helps save fuel, allowing you to recharge the battery when braking to power the electric motor with free energy.

In a similar vein, researchers at the University of Cambridge and Boeing have developed the world's first hybrid version of an aircraft, introducing the world to a more environmentally friendly, fuel-efficient version of a compact, single-seat aircraft.

Test flights of the brainchild of Boeing and British designers were successfully completed a few days ago. The concept chosen for the project functions in the same way as the electric motor in hybrid cars. The design of the aircraft provides for the installation of one piston aircraft engine and an electric motor, which is activated and provides additional thrust only in certain cases. These include takeoff, climb, as well as various kinds of critical situations when there is a need for additional power.

During the flight in normal mode, the batteries are recharged from the piston engine. By choosing the most balanced mode of operation of the main power plant and the presence of additional electric traction, engineers managed to achieve up to 30% fuel savings. At this stage, the technology is far from being mass-produced on commercial aircraft, but already now it is showing very good results. Test flights of the hybrid aircraft took place in UK airspace, but the aircraft's flight altitude was limited to a modest 500 m.

“Despite the fact that hybrid cars became available a decade ago, the development of hybrid aviation has been hampered by modern battery technologies. Until recently, batteries were too heavy, bulky and did not have the proper capacity for such overall dimensions. With the advent of advanced lithium-polymer batteries the situation has changed, which made it possible to turn the concept of a small hybrid aircraft into reality today, "- shared his vision of the situation, project leader Dr. Paul Robertson (Dr. Paul Robertson) from the University of Cambridge.

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