How do oil rigs work? Detailed answer

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How do oil rigs work? Detailed answer

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How do oil rigs work?

When you think of oil production, you probably imagine tall steel structures with black oil gushing out of them. But such oil gushers are a thing of the past. Modern drilling methods almost completely exclude the possibility of such flowing.

There are many types of oil drilling rigs in use today. Some are twenty stories tall, others are on wheels, and others are on platforms and barges to drill holes in the seabed. About eighty-five percent of wells in the United States are the result of the rotary drilling method, in which a rapidly rotating drill is driven into the ground.

There are different types of drills for different types of soil. A drill pipe is attached to the drill, consisting of ten-meter sections called knots, each of which weighs about two hundred kilograms. A flat steel turntable holds upright and turns the pipe passing through it into the ground. With each turn of the pipe, the drill attached to it bites deeper into the ground, and knot after knot grows to it. During drilling, a special liquid is pumped into the pipe, which cools and lubricates the drill.

As the well gets deeper, a long steel tube called casing is added to the pipe from time to time. Since the drill becomes dull when passing through rocks, it must be replaced quite often and for this the entire pipe must be pulled out of the well, which is a very laborious job.

Sometimes it takes four to six hours to replace the drill and lower the pipe back into the well. When the well reaches the desired depth, the drill with the pipe is pulled out, the casing filled with a special chemical composition is lowered to the very bottom of the well. In order to open the oil outlet, a special device is lowered into the well, resembling a small gun, in order to punch holes in the pipe. Then water is pumped into the pipe to eliminate the composition that fills it. The pressure rises in the well, and finally the oil begins to flow through the valves-holes into the open reservoir.

Author: Likum A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What is the greenhouse effect?

Due to a significant increase in the content of carbon dioxide and other "greenhouse" gases in the atmosphere, such as fluorocarbonic acid (FCKW), nitrogen oxides, methane, ozone emitted by industry and vehicles into the atmosphere, the infrared radiation of the Earth's surface to a lesser extent returns to near-Earth space . This leads to warming.

At night, the earth's surface and atmosphere do not cool as much. The consequences of this process can be catastrophic.

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The sun makes men hungry 24.07.2022

To maintain a figure, men should be less in the sun. This was found out by the staff of Tel Aviv University. Analyzing the statistics of a large medical project that collected various data on three thousand people aged 25 to 65, the researchers found that during the warm season, men consume 17% more calories than women.

The most obvious explanation here is that the sun somehow stimulates appetite, and only in men. Experiments with volunteers confirmed this: if men and women are specially brought out into the sun, and then asked how much they want to eat, it turns out that men feel more hungry after the sun. But women will not feel the difference - the sun does not excite additional hunger in them.

Appetite and the feeling of hunger depend on many physiological signals, including the hormone ghrelin, which is called the hunger hormone. (In general, there are several hunger hormones, but ghrelin is one of the most famous.) Ghrelin is synthesized in the stomach, from the stomach it enters the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, stimulating eating behavior, that is, it excites appetite, makes you focus on finding food, etc. Ghrelin levels rise before meals and, as it has now turned out, in the sun: in men who took a sunbath, the level of ghrelin in the blood increased (in women, its level in the sun remained the same).

The same thing happened to mice that were irradiated with medium-wave ultraviolet, or ultraviolet B. Medium-wave ultraviolet is part of the solar radiation reaching the earth's surface, and mice were irradiated with it in such a way that the exposure was equal to a half-hour dose of the sun on a clear noon somewhere on latitude of Mexico, Cuba or Florida. The mice were irradiated every day for ten days, and those males who received regular portions of UV light tried to eat more often than females or males who were not irradiated.

Ghrelin is synthesized not only in the gastrointestinal tract, it is also secreted by fat cells in the skin, and they secrete it under the action of the p53 protein. It is called the guardian of the genome because p53 monitors DNA damage: it either stimulates DNA repair or causes the cell to commit suicide so that it does not harm others with its mutations. Under the influence of ultraviolet activity of the p53 gene increases, because ultraviolet damages DNA. As a result, fat skin cells release more ghrelin. This is what happens in males; in females, the sex hormone estrogen suppresses the activity of the p53 gene, and the level of ghrelin in response to UV radiation does not increase in them.

It can be assumed that the same mechanism with dermal ghrelin and p53 works in humans. But so far, it is impossible to say this with certainty. Other experts point out that little attention is paid to people in general in this study. Here we need to conduct an experiment with a large number of participants, and we also need to carefully monitor additional factors that can tie together the sun and appetite in men. However, in any case, we should be more careful with the sun: although we get vitamin D thanks to it, no one has canceled sunburn and ultraviolet mutations in skin cells.

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