When was the wheel invented? Detailed answer

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When was the wheel invented? Detailed answer

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When was the wheel invented?

The wheel is one of the most important human achievements. When there were no wheels, people put heavy loads on sleds and pulled them themselves or harnessed oxen to them. It is known that the very first wheels were made in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) in 3500-3000 BC. e. They were of two types: the potter's wheel and the cartwheel. The potter's wheel was the ancestor of machines, pulleys, water wheels, clockwork gears, and other machines.

The first carts were sledges placed on wheels, which were fastened with axles. The practice prompted people to do this, when they had to put logs under the sled, which played the role of rollers. The sleigh rolled forward, and the rollers, on which the sleigh had already passed, were placed in front. Ancient wheels were firmly attached to their axles. The wheels and axle were one piece. When a cart with such wheels turned, the outer wheel traveled further than the inner one. Therefore, the wheel necessarily slipped or slipped. A later invention was the attachment of the axle to the carriage and the freewheeling of the wheels, which made it possible to drive quickly and make turns more easily.

The first carriages were peasant carts, war chariots, royal hearses and the sacred carts of the gods. Early carts and chariots had two or four wheels. But the first four-wheeled carriages were impractical. The front and rear axles were attached to the body. Since neither of the axles could move, the crew could not make sharp turns. 2000 years ago, a front steering axle was invented, with which the crew could turn left and right.

In the second millennium BC, spoked wheels were invented in Southwest Asia.

Author: Likum A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Where did candy originate?

In almost every country in ancient times, people ate something similar to candy. During excavations in Egypt, they found pictures and records containing information about how sweets looked and how they were prepared.

In those days, refined sugar was unknown to people, so honey was consumed as a sweet. And the main component of sweets in Egypt were dates.

In some countries of the East, each tribe had its own confectioner and secret recipes. In these regions, almonds, honey and figs have long been used to make candy.

There is an ancient Roman recipe in which nuts and poppy seeds were boiled with honey, then all this was peppered and sprinkled with honey-soaked sesame seeds. The result was something similar to nougat.

In Europe, they drank sweet syrup, but it was used to cover up the bad taste of medicines. No one thought about making sweets. But when a large amount of sugar from the colonies began to appear in Europe in the XNUMXth century, confectionery became another art form.

The French candied fruits and developed new recipes. One of them was a nut sugar syrup called prolings. He was probably the forerunner of the famous New Orleans praline.

During colonial times and later, maple sugar, molasses, and honey were used in homemade sweets. Our great-great-grandmothers added orris root and ginger glaze and got candy.

The main ingredient used in large-scale candy production is sugar from sugar cane or sugar beets. It was mixed with corn syrup, corn sugar, mint, honey, lemon balm and maple sugar. After that, chocolate, fruits, nuts, eggs, milk and dairy products were added, as well as vanillin and dyes. Some scents were taken from natural sources such as vanillin, lemon, peppermint, while others were obtained artificially.

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Biodegradable plastic from potatoes 26.11.2019

Vietnamese researchers, Nong Van Phuoc and Dang Nguyen Xuan Trong, fourth-year students at the Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics and Finance (HCM), have created a biodegradable plastic from potato starch. The goal is to reduce the use of single-use plastic products.

The main specialization of researchers is business administration and international trade. At the beginning of last year, the Phuoc school held a business idea competition in which students took part. One of the researchers' goals was to reduce the negative impact of plastic waste on the environment. While searching for an idea for a competition, Nong Van Phuoc noticed that some of the female students were eating edible rice paper that looked like plastic bags. And wondered if rice paper could be used as plastic bags?

As a result, Phuoc and Trong began experimenting with cornstarch and cassava starch. But the tests were not successful. The researchers then discovered that starch extracted from potatoes could be used to make biodegradable bags. Potato starch is mixed with water and glycerin according to the formula to create a mixture.

The mixture is boiled until the thickening process begins, then placed in molds in which it is naturally dried in the sun during the day. Biodegradable potato starch bags are a good alternative to plastic, but only dry food can be stored in them. Students also made spoons and small bowls from potato starch that can withstand cold or hot liquids for 30-45 minutes.

Biodegradable tableware can be used for up to one year if stored at the correct temperature.

"Our products decompose easily within three to five months. They are absolutely safe for humans," said Dang Nguyen Xuan Trong.

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