What is Magna Carta? Detailed answer

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What is Magna Carta? Detailed answer

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What is Magna Carta?

Today, people are deeply interested in observing their rights, freedoms and laws that protect them from tyranny and persecution. "Magna Carta" was the first step towards constitutional freedoms for the entire population of the world, speaking the English language. It was signed by King John of England in 1225 and marked the beginning of a new form of government.

During the reign of King John, many were persecuted, the courts were bribed, there was no justice. The barons, who were under the authority of the king, decided that they should try to regain some of the lost rights and privileges. They were sure that these rights were more fair to themselves and their people.

On June 15, 1215, they and some of the churchmen raised an army and forced King John to sign the Magna Carta. Initially, the "Magna Carta" contained 63 articles, most of which affected the interests of only the rich. But some of them were remade, which benefited all people, because the rich promised some rights to the freedmen under their control.

The three articles of the Magna Carta are of great importance even today, because they influenced the development of freedom and justice, protected by law. One article states that no freedman shall be deprived of life or property without the consent of his lord (or equivalent) or law. Obviously, it protected oh injustice and arbitrariness.

Another article of the Magna Carta declared that justice could not be bought, denied, or postponed. This principle protected the people, was in the interests of the defendants, because it forbade judges from taking bribes or succumbing to someone else's influence while the suspect was in prison. The third article provided that federal taxes could not be increased without the consent of the Council of Peers. In our time, there is a similar situation: we cannot be taxed until the government receives the consent of the representatives of the people.

Author: Likum A.

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What is an intelligence quotient?

Physical and intellectual growth usually correspond to each other. Growth in both directions stops at different ages, depending on the individual characteristics of the person. For example, someone can reach a height of 1,6 m at the age of sixteen and no longer grow. But the same person's brother can grow until he is 1,8 meters tall by the age of nineteen. The mental development of many people stops around adolescence.

If you take all the children born, for example, on October 10, 1947, and examine them today, they will differ in physical development. Some will be of medium height, others will be tall, and still others will be short. But they will differ from each other and mental development. Some of them will be smart, able to learn easily, others will be of average ability, and some will be able to learn only with great effort.

A difference in mental development can be considered a difference in mental age. We can measure human growth, but how to measure mental development? For this purpose, a series of psychological tests has been developed. Here's how it's done: First, you need to find out what problems can be solved by children of different ages. Six-year-old children are able to solve some problems, eight-year-olds - others, and so on. Now imagine that we give a test for six-year-olds to different children. Some four- and five-year-olds can handle them too.

On the other hand, there may be children who find it difficult to do this at the age of ten or twelve. Thus, we have a way to measure intelligence. If a six-year-old child is able to pass the test for a six-year-old, then he has an average level. If a child at four or five years old is able to do the same, then he has an excellent development. If a twelve-year-old is unable to complete a task from a six-year-old test, then he lags behind in development.

The letters IQ ("IQ") are short for "intelligence quotient", which is a way of describing the results of such tests in mathematical language. For example, the IQ of a six-year-old child with a six-year-old IQ is 100. The IQ is divided by the chronological age and then multiplied by one hundred. If at the age of five the mental development corresponds to six years, then the IQ will be equal to 120 (six divided by five and multiplied by 100). An IQ between 90 and 100 is average; scores above 110 are excellent.

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Even a slight experience of using a computer mouse completely changes a person's perception of their movements. Thanks to working with a computer mouse, a person begins to “generalize” his actions much better and navigate in space. This conclusion was reached by neurophysiologists who published an article in the journal Current Biology.

In an unusual experiment, which was conducted by Kording and his colleagues, 18 volunteers from China participated. Half of these people have never had experience with a computer mouse. The researchers asked their subjects to pass a light test - to touch one of the eight points on the LCD screen, located on the surface of the table, moving their hand under it.

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Having discovered this phenomenon, the researchers decided to find out what would happen if the "illiterate" Chinese learned to use a mouse even before the start of the experiment. To do this, they recruited another group of volunteers and taught their wards "literacy" with the help of computer games for two weeks.

After two weeks of training, the volunteers began to “generalize” their movements just as well as the “literate” subjects. Since in developed countries almost all people know how to work with a computer, the authors of the article proposed to take this into account in the course of research on the areas of the human brain responsible for coordination and movement.

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