Who came up with the first map? Detailed answer

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Who came up with the first map? Detailed answer

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Who came up with the first map?

Imagine how difficult it would be to describe in words all the streets and buildings in your city. It is easier to depict or draw their position. Here is the map!

The first map that is mentioned was created on a piece of clay, which was then fired. It was in Egypt over 4000 years ago. In ancient times, landowners depicted on maps the boundaries of their possessions, kings - the lands of their kingdom. But when a person tried to depict the location of distant objects on a map, he ran into problems.

This is due to the fact that the Earth is round, so it is quite difficult to accurately measure large distances. Astronomers were of great help to the first cartographers, as their studies were related to the size and shape of the Earth.

Eratosthenes, who was born in 276 BC. e. in Greece, determined the diameter of the Earth. His data was close to real. His technique for the first time made it possible to correctly calculate the distance to the north and south.

Around the same time, Hipparchus proposed dividing the map of the world into equal parts along parallels and meridians. The exact position of these imaginary lines, he believed, would be based on a study of the heavens.

Ptolemy in the second century AD, using this idea, created a corrected map, divided into equal parts by parallels and meridians. His textbook on geography was the main one on this subject even after the discovery of America.

The discoveries of Columbus and other travelers expanded interest in maps and diagrams. In 1570, Abraham Ortelius published the first collection of maps in Antwerp. The founder of modern cartography is Geradus Mercator. On his maps, straight lines corresponded to curved lines on a globe. This made it possible to draw a straight line between two points on the map, as well as determine the direction using a compass. Such a map is called a "projection", it "projects", or translates the surface of the Earth onto a map.

The title page of his book depicted the giant Atlas, which is why we call the collection of maps today the "atlas".

Author: Likum A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

How did the ensembles appear?

Everyone loves to listen to ensembles! A holiday without it would not be a holiday. And how do you imagine a circus without an ensemble? Today, it also accompanies sporting events. There are also school ensembles that play in the evenings.

The first ensembles had nothing like the ones that exist today. A few itinerant musicians would appear here and there and then move on. However, by the end of the thirteenth century, these groups had grown in size and become so popular that special organizations began to form. They organized guilds, just like people of other professions. These guilds developed rules and guidelines, as well as defined the rights of musicians who played in ensembles. In those days, every church had a brass band. And not a single wedding or holiday was complete without it.

Eventually every city in Europe got its own little brass band. They reached such a degree of popularity that they began to accompany the army on the march. This happened in the XNUMXth century, and the first band marching with the army consisted of hired citizens. The regiments then began to recruit and train their own bands.

Currently, the bands and ensembles belonging to the various branches of the US Army are very famous. These are outstanding musical groups. Military organizations were not the only ones to take an interest in bands. Schools and colleges also developed them. Over time, many school ensembles began to play like professional ones.

Another type of ensembles that have become popular are concert ones. Concert ensembles are created on the same principle as symphony orchestras. Usually there are no string instruments in orchestras, they are replaced by woodwinds. Each group of instruments in an orchestra has its own part, such as soprano, alto, low-pitched clarinets and saxophones, and so on. This gives the ensemble color.

Today, more and more pieces of music are written for concert ensembles. Millions of people enjoy their sound in parks, concert halls and parades.

Test your knowledge! Did you know...

▪ How did the hospital come about?

▪ Where and when in the theater were real murders committed on stage in accordance with the script?

▪ How can mushrooms change the weather in their habitats?

See other articles Section Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education.

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22nm transistor 26.12.2012

Specialists of the Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMECAS) in Beijing have created a field-effect transistor with a gate length of 22 nm. The transistor uses HKMG (high-K metal-gate) technology. The development is said to be the key to creating more advanced chips, which will allow China to save on imports of high technology and increase the competitiveness of Chinese chips in the global market.

Project participants note that they managed to achieve "world-class performance and low energy consumption." Recall that Intel, which has the most advanced technologies for the production of microcircuits, now produces processors using 22-nanometer technology. Major contract manufacturers such as TSMC and Globalfoundries have not yet commercialized such technologies and are now manufacturing products in 28nm.

For many years, China was unable to gain access to advanced semiconductor manufacturing technologies, as their export from Western countries was limited first by the activities of the CoCom committee, and then by the terms of the Wassenaar Arrangement. However, by supplementing its own developments with licensing, China has managed to move quite far.

Currently, the leading Chinese semiconductor contract manufacturer Semiconductor Manufacturing International manufactures products using 40nm technology. Up to 65 nm, the company developed technical processes independently. To avoid the expense of building its own 45nm technology, SMIC licensed it from IBM in late 2007. In 2008, the Chinese manufacturer included in its plans the development of 40 and 32 nm standards.

Work on the creation of 22-nanometer transistors was started in China in 2009 as one of the main national scientific projects.

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