How did Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible call Queen Elizabeth I for her concern for the interests of British trade? Detailed answer

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How did Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible call Queen Elizabeth I for her concern for the interests of British trade? Detailed answer

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How did Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible call Queen Elizabeth I for her concern for the interests of British trade?

The Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible, fearing that the boyars would force him to abdicate, wrote to the English Queen Elizabeth I: “If the rebellious boyars overcome me and depose me, then promise me to give you shelter in England. If this happens to you, then I I will give you shelter in Moscow."

In her response, Elizabeth kept silent about the shelter, and wrote only about the terms of the trade agreement. Ivan reacted as follows: "I wrote to you about my sovereign needs, and you answer me about the needs of your merchant men, and you came out like a vulgar fool."

Some historians argue that the words "vulgar fool" in the time of Ivan the Terrible had the meaning of "a simple girl", but others consider this statement unfounded.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

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Revealed the secret of gait dinosaurs 09.03.2022

Scientists from the University of Liverpool analyzed the footprints of sauropod dinosaurs in a geological formation in Arkansas. It turned out that huge dinosaurs, such as diplodocus, had a diagonal gait. This is how a modern hippopotamus moves.

An analysis of fossilized dinosaur footprints in the De Queen Formation in Arkansas, USA, showed that sauropods had a diagonal gait. This means that the paws, located diagonally from each other, took a step at about the same time. That is, each step of the front leg went in tandem with the back leg on the opposite side, or these movements were very close. A similar gait is observed in living hippos and no one else on Earth.

Sauropods were among the largest animals that ever lived on our planet. Some of them weighed as much as 14 African elephants. These herbivorous dinosaurs lived on Earth between 200 and 66 million years ago.

"These huge dinosaurs used a diagonal gait to keep their powerful bodies in balance," says Jens Lallensack of the University of Liverpool.

It used to be thought that sauropods walked like modern elephants. These animals use the so-called "longitudinal" gait for movement, when two limbs on one side of the body move forward one after the other. The right front foot takes a step, then the right back foot takes a step, then the left front foot, then the left back foot, and so on.

To find out, scientists analyzed the location of the fossilized footprints of dinosaurs. This position changes when any animal walks or changes to an easy run. Similar changes in movement can be noticed if there are traces that are located on the same line.

As a result, scientists found that the gait of sauropods was different from the movement of all living animals, and is most similar to the movement of a hippopotamus. While walking, the front paw of the sauropod always touched the ground before the diagonal paw was lifted.

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