What was the longest living empire in human history? Detailed answer

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What was the longest living empire in human history? Detailed answer

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What was the longest living empire in human history?

The longest living empire in human history was Ancient Egypt.

This empire lasted three millennia - longer than any other. Already around 3100 BC, two large kingdoms arose - Lower Egypt (the region of the Nile delta) and Upper Egypt (the Nile valley from the delta to Elephantine). After their unification (about 2640 BC), the so-called Old Kingdom was formed. The history of Egypt is divided into two periods. The first - from the foundation to 332 BC, when Alexander the Great conquered the country. And the second period - the reign of the Ptolemaic dynasty (descendants of one of the commanders of Alexander the Great).

In 30 BC, Egypt was conquered by a younger and more powerful empire - the Roman Empire.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Are there identical fingerprints?

In movies, on TV, in books, there are often situations when a person leaves his fingerprints on something. Then they are discovered, and this proves that it was he who was in that place. There can be no mistake. And why, we will now explain to you.

If you look at the pads of your fingers, you will see a network of small grooves. They contain our skin's touch receptors. Each person has his own pattern of these lines (imprint), which cannot be changed. If you burn the skin of the fingertips several times, then the same print will still appear during healing!

Fingerprints have several characteristics. But there are no people for whom they would completely coincide.

An expert can easily identify one hundred different characteristics of a print. This means that it has a hundred distinct groove patterns. Take, for example, the index finger. In order to find two people whose index finger prints matched at least only two of these characteristics, we need to examine 16 people, for three - already 64.

Continuing this procedure, we finally want to know how many people it takes to find two prints that match in all one hundred characteristics. In this case, we must examine all the people in the world who have only lived during 4 billion years! But this is only for one fingerprint! But we have 10 of them.

It is truly a miracle of nature that each of us has our own unique fingerprint that does not change throughout our lives.

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Life forms unknown to science live in the human intestine 22.11.2015

A new genetic analysis of human gut bacteria has yielded some very unexpected results. It turns out that such strange creatures live in our intestines that some biologists claim that this is a completely new form of life, still unknown to science.

Of course, such statements should be taken with a certain degree of skepticism, but they still have certain grounds. Over the past decade, new technologies for studying the genome have allowed scientists for the first time to explore our own microbiomes - those collections of invisible micro-creatures that live in and on us. Microbiome research is literally rewriting the textbooks of human biology right now as scientists discover that everything from our mouths to guts to skin is a complex and diverse ecosystem. According to some estimates, there are more microbes in our body than cells.

Scientists Philippe Lopez and Eric Bateste at Pierre and Marie Curie University have developed a new method to identify the most distinct life forms in the gut microbiome, namely by examining 86 gene families that rarely pass from organism to organism. Such genes could in theory be used to distribute life forms into three known biological domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.

As a result, geneticists came up with very unexpected results: about a third of the marker genes studied by Lopez and Batest do not belong to any domain known to man. Does this mean that we have opened the fourth domain right under our noses (or rather, inside it, so to speak)? Maybe. But there are other versions. First, these specific marker genes may be more variable than we know. After all, we are only just beginning to understand the degree of genetic diversity in the microbial world. There is also the possibility that in an environment as isolated as the human gut, natural selection has led to a new level of genetic diversity never before seen anywhere.

In order to really answer whether there are representatives of a completely new branch of the evolutionary tree in our guts, it is necessary to isolate and study organisms with these strange genes. Such a task will not be easy, since we still do not know how to cultivate most microbes in the laboratory. But the prospects are so exciting that geneticists, of course, will try to do it.

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