What metal is most abundant in the earth's crust? Detailed answer

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What metal is most abundant in the earth's crust? Detailed answer

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What metal is most abundant in the earth's crust?

In terms of prevalence in nature, aluminum (A1) occupies the first place among metals: in the earth's crust it is 60 percent more than iron. However, it began to be widely used only in the second half of the XNUMXth century. The fact is that it is very difficult to extract aluminum from ores.

In 1825, the Danish scientist Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) was able to isolate a small amount of aluminum, but with impurities. After him, many chemists unsuccessfully tried to purify aluminum, but only in 1854 the Frenchman Henri Etienne Saint-Clair Deville (1818-1881) found a way to isolate pure metal.

Aluminum is so reactive that sodium metal (an even more reactive element) had to be used to "keep" the aluminum from reacting with other substances.

Aluminum, similar in color to silver, at first was valued very dearly - on a par with precious metals.

From 1855 to 1890 only 200 tons of aluminum were produced. At that time, only Emperor Napoleon III could afford aluminum cutlery and even commissioned a new metal rattle for his young heir. And in the USA - as a sign of great respect for the founder of the state, George Washington - they protected his monument from above with an aluminum sheet.

The modern method of producing aluminum by electrolysis of a cryolite-alumina melt was developed in 1886.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What is a quasar?

Since 1963, astronomers began to discover unusual objects, which eventually received the name quasar (quasar - quasi stellar radio source - quasi-stellar radio source).

In a telescope (or in photographs), almost all of them are indistinguishable from stars. However, in terms of the intensity of radio emission, quasars are comparable to the most powerful radio galaxies, consisting of tens of billions of stars, and in the optical range they emit hundreds of times more intense than ordinary galaxies.

Quasars also have an increased intensity of ultraviolet radiation, emissions of gas and relativistic particles are observed. The exceptional compactness of quasars is striking: their dimensions are much smaller than a light year (in galaxies they are 50-100 thousand light years).

Quasars show the largest known redshifts of lines in the spectrum, and therefore are the most distant objects from us. Most of them are more than 10 billion light-years away from us - apparently, they formed when the age of the Universe reached only 2-3 billion years.

In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that an extended shell is located around the central body of a quasar, the luminosity of which corresponds in order to the luminosity of an ordinary galaxy, and the diameter is similar to the size of galaxies. On this basis, it is now generally accepted that a quasar is an anomalously active galactic nucleus.

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Virtualization of network functions on a 64-bit single-chip ARM system 09.10.2014

AMD introduced its first network function virtualization (NFV) solution based on a 64-bit single-chip ARM system and announced the start of shipping test samples to customers. The demo version of the NFV solution is built on a 64-bit AMD Embedded R-series single-chip ARM system codenamed Hierofalcon. Today, it is supported by technologies from two key partners - Aricent for the network software stack and Mentor Graphics for embedded Linux products and tools, AMD told CNews. Overall, the NFV solution is designed to help network and telecommunications service providers with a fully virtualized communications infrastructure simplify deployment and management while reducing costs.

Among the capabilities of the ARM NFV solution: virtualization of the data package functionality on the network and service gateway, as well as the mobility management node. In addition to hardware virtualization, real-time traffic migration between the AMD Embedded R-series single-chip ARM system and the second generation of AMD R-series x86 APUs is also possible. AMD's new ARM NFV solution will appeal to telecommunications network infrastructure providers interested in building flexible software-defined networking (SDN) to manage network services with customizable hardware, streamline workflows, and reduce costs, the company said.

NFV allows you to get rid of numerous network equipment, such as routers and gateways, by moving functionality from dedicated hardware devices to underlying servers. Thanks to NFV, most of the tasks solved today using specialized devices can be transferred to software running universal hardware. The result is a fully virtualized communications infrastructure that is easy to deploy and manage for network and telecommunications service providers, including virtual servers, networks and storage systems. AMD creates conditions for both new and existing providers to develop and implement NFV infrastructure on both x86 and ARM architectures, which fully meets their requirements for performance, cost and an integrated approach, the company emphasized.

"From networks to data centers, the telecommunications landscape is rapidly changing with the emergence of many new devices and methods for transmitting video, images and data that require more efficient networking solutions," said Scott Eylor, vice president and general manager, Embedded Solutions, AMD. - The demo version of our first NFV solution on a single-chip 64-bit ARM system is another step forward in our work on products based on ARM and x86 architectures, offering OEM partners and telecom providers new opportunities to create, deploy and network service management.

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