What is phrenology? Detailed answer

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What is phrenology? Detailed answer

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What is phrenology?

At the beginning of the 1758th century, the Austrian physician and anatomist Franz Josef Gall (1828-XNUMX), based on observations of different groups of people, came to the conclusion that the centers of mental life are not concentrated in the ventricles of the brain, as was then widely believed, but in the cerebral convolutions.

And since, Gall believed, differences in the cerebral convolutions should be reflected in the external shape of the skull - its "bumps", then these latter can be used to judge the mental abilities of a person. Therefore, by probing the human skull, analyzing all the bulges and depressions on it, it is possible to determine which part of the brain is more developed and which is less.

Based on this, one can judge what kind of person he is: magnanimous, depraved, prone to crime, or something else.

Gall's conclusions formed the basis of the pseudoscience of phrenology (from the Greek phren - soul, mind, heart), which gained great popularity. In the 1830s and 1840s, dozens of phrenological societies appeared in Western European countries, phrenological methods were used to diagnose the properties of the mind and character.

Although the successes of physiology subsequently showed the failure of phrenology, the ideas of its author regarding the specialization of the functions of individual parts of the brain turned out to be correct.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

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