Who was the first to reach the North Pole? Detailed answer

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Who was the first to reach the North Pole? Detailed answer

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Who first reached the North Pole?

Attempts to reach the North Pole have been made for half a century - mainly because of the desire to perpetuate their name in this way.

In 1873, the Austrian explorers Julius Payer and Karl Weyprecht approached the pole at a distance of about 950 kilometers and named the archipelago they discovered Franz Josef Land (in honor of the Austrian emperor).

In 1896, the Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen, drifting in the Arctic ice, approached the North Pole by about 500 kilometers.

And finally, on March 1, 1909, an American officer, Robert Edward Peary, accompanied by 24 people on 19 sledges pulled by 133 dogs, headed for the Pole from the main camp on the northern coast of Greenland. Five weeks later, on April 6, he hoisted his country's star flag at the North Pole and then returned safely to Greenland.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What is arthritis?

The word arthritis is used in relation to a large number of diseases associated with the joints. There are two main types of arthritis: age-related and rheumatic. Age-related arthritis is associated with aging. Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by inflammation and is usually accompanied by some deformity of the body. With age-related arthritis, the temperature does not rise, there is no weight loss, no complete ossification of the joints, no curvature of the body. The joints don't get inflamed. This is an age-related disease, and it usually begins after forty.

The cartilage of the joints, which, as you know, serve as a "shock absorber", that is, a kind of protection against concussions and shocks, are erased and broken, as a result of which the surfaces of the bones begin to touch. Symptoms of this disease are stiffness or pain when moving the joint. Bumps form on the last joint of the index and middle fingers. Age-related arthritis is often accompanied by pain and poor mobility of the knee joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is better known as rheumatism. With this disease, inflammation of the joints occurs.

The articular cavity connecting the bones of the joint begins to swell and eat into the cartilage. At the same time, the bone under the cartilage also changes, losing minerals. As a result of this, the joint gradually loses its mobility and may eventually become completely stiff - and the person becomes disabled. What is the cause of this type of arthritis, medicine has not yet fully figured out.

There are many theories about this, and one of them is that arthritis is caused by an infection. The victims of this disease have long dreamed of a miracle cure that could end their suffering. But so far, their dreams have not come true.

Medical professionals want people to understand that the nature of this disease is still unknown and that drugs that seem to help only provide relief for the duration of their use. As soon as you stop taking the medicine, the disease returns. Medications are unable to restore damaged joint tissues.

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The robot anticipates human actions 04.06.2013

The robot, developed at the Cornell Robotics Lab, could be the perfect assistant: it doesn't need to be told to "open the fridge, I'll put a plate in" or "add more beer." Surprisingly, the robot itself is able to assess the situation and act proactively, "kindly" warning all human intentions.

This is indeed a great achievement, since it was previously difficult to take into account the many variables that arise when a person, for example, gets up from the table with a plate of food and intentions incomprehensible to the robot. Nevertheless, engineers from Cornell University managed to solve this problem: now it is enough to silently hint at your desire, and the robot is in a hurry to fulfill it.

The robot is equipped with manipulator arms and a wheeled chassis that provides freedom of movement on a flat surface. The robot's "eyes" are a Microsoft Kinect stereo camera that uses a video database of typical human movements. For example, a robot analyzes how a person interacts with objects on a table. If a person pours a drink from a bottle into a mug and then brings it to his mouth, the robot understands that his owner is drinking and the empty mug needs to be periodically filled. In the same way, the robot “understands” that after the owner has poured cereal and milk into the plate, the food bags can be put back.

The essence of forecasting technology is to choose the most probable scenario. When any movement begins, for example, the owner with a plate in his hands gets up from the table, the robot begins to analyze the possible trajectories of the owner’s movement and, accordingly, his intentions. If the owner goes to the refrigerator, the robot opens the door; if the owner goes to the sink, it turns on the water, gives a towel, etc.

During the experiments, the robot made correct predictions of human intentions 82% of the time 1 second ahead, 71% of the time 3 seconds ahead, and 57% of the time 10 seconds ahead. This is not as small as it seems, because we do not perform actions instantly. For example, if the path to the refrigerator takes 10 seconds, then the robot will have 1 second to understand our intention and as many as 9 seconds to drive up to the refrigerator and open the door, that is, wait for the robot to be "courtesy" while standing with a pot of soup in its hands, it won't take long.

Of course, initially the robot must be taught and not expected from him "understanding" on the first day of operation. But our home activities are not so diverse, so a couple of months can be spent on training. But then you will have a real caring and tireless robot servant, literally predicting every action of the household. Such robots in 5-10 years will be able to provide serious assistance to people with disabilities and just those who are exhausted from household chores. The robot itself should not be very expensive, because its "brain" is actually made from a game console, and its "body" is even simpler than a Segway electric scooter. Of course, some safety systems will need to be added to protect the robot from falls, collisions with people and prevent dangerous movements by manipulators, but similar systems have already been developed for industrial worker robots.

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