If the task fails. Inventor

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IF THE TASK IS NOT AVAILABLE

And then an inventor appeared (TRIZ)

Books and articles / And then came the inventor

TRIZ. If the task is not amenable

In the year 800, the pope was to crown Charlemagne. Karl had a serious problem. On the one hand, it is necessary that the pope put the crown on Charles: in the eyes of his subjects, this would mean that Charles became emperor legally, with the consent of the church. On the other hand, the pope should not be allowed to lay the crown. This would mean that Charles was given power by the Pope. I wanted - I gave, I wanted - I took away ...

The task, as you can see, is typically inventive. And Charlemagne found the right solution. The coronation ceremony proceeded as expected. But when the pope raised the crown to put it on Charles, the emperor intercepted the crown and put it on himself. The crown made halfway in the hands of the pope, and halfway in the hands of Charles. The conflicting demands were separated in space. And in time: first the pope had the crown, then Karl.

The fourth part of ARIZ, designed to overcome the contradiction, begins precisely with such operations: conflicting requirements are separated in space and time. The analysis of the problem, even if it is carried out absolutely accurately, does not always lead directly to the answer. It often happens that a contradiction is identified and formulated, but it is not known how to eliminate it. In the fourth part of ARIZ, the means of dealing with contradictions are collected.

First, simple tools are put in place, like separating conflicting requirements in space and time. If the contradiction does not lend itself, one has to use a more complex tool - the table of su-field transformations. By this time, it is already known exactly what substances and fields the problem model is composed of. Therefore, it is not difficult to write down the Su-field formula. And the table shows how to rebuild this formula to get the answer.

If the problem could not be solved with the help of Su-Field formulas, the fourth part of ARIZ offers one more tool - a table of application of physical effects and phenomena. Let's say we're having trouble with Problem 37: What is the replacement for the micrometer screw? We are looking for the column "Micro-displacements" in the table. We find in this column three physical effects: thermal expansion, inverse piezoelectric effect, magnetostriction. Then we turn to books and reference books for detailed information about these effects.

But what if the task still fails?

Then the last reserve is put into action - a list of typical techniques and a table of their applications. To compile this table, it was necessary to analyze over forty thousand patents and copyright certificates, and strong inventions were selected. The table shows what techniques are needed to eliminate a particular technical contradiction. In essence, the table reflects the experience of several generations of inventors: it suggests how these inventors acted, solving similar problems.

The fourth part of ARIZ contains very powerful tools. And if the problem could not be solved, it means that somewhere at the very beginning a mistake was made. We must return to the first part of ARIZ. If the problem is solved ... no, the work still does not stop. There is a thorough - step by step - verification of the idea found. This is the fifth part of ARIZ. Then - the development of the idea, its use for solving other problems (the sixth part of ARIZ). For example, the idea of a protective layer of foam in the slag problem can also be used in problem 39. If we cover the ore on the conveyor with a layer of foam, there will be no dust. The foam is easy to apply, the foam will not interfere with the unloading of the ore from the conveyor... Great solution!

The seventh part of ARIZ is self-control. It is necessary to compare the actual course of the solution with the one envisaged by ARIZ. Were there deviations? Why? Did ARIZ "skid" somewhere? Why? Is it necessary to supplement the list of tricks with the received answer? ..

In schools and courses where ARIZ is taught, tens of thousands of records of solving various problems are accumulated every academic year. Based on these records, it is possible to determine which mistakes the listener is to blame for, and which mistakes are on the "conscience" of ARIZ, which did not indicate the correct path to the answer. Mistakes are carefully studied, amendments, clarifications, and additions are made to ARIZ. I started by comparing ARIZ with a city. Now we can say: ARIZ is a city in which rapid construction is going on all the time. New micro-districts are being built, old ones are being rebuilt, new roads are being laid...

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neurons of loneliness 24.02.2016

Loneliness affects the cellular structure of the brain, strengthening the connections between certain neurons and causing them to react violently to social contacts.

While studying the effect of drugs on dopamine neurons in mice, Gillian Matthews and her colleagues noticed that in animals that sat in isolation for 24 hours, interneuronal connections increased in the so-called dorsal raphe nucleus, and increased connections occurred in those mice. who did not receive any drugs. (The nuclei of the suture are clusters of neurons located in the midline of the medulla oblongata, they are divided into several groups according to their structure and functions, but in general this area of \uXNUMXb\uXNUMXbthe brain has not been studied very well.)

Further experiments confirmed that the cells of the dorsal nucleus do indeed respond to the lack of communication - it is known that strengthening of connections, strengthening of interneuronal synapses occurs when the nerve chain is active, when a signal runs along it, and strengthening of synapses during loneliness indicated that local neurons respond to social isolation.

However, there was one feature in their behavior: if the mouse was kept together with comrades, then the neurons of the nucleus did not work very hard, but if the mouse moved from a solitary cell to a company, then the activity of the neural circuits of the dorsal nucleus increased sharply, although not for long.

In other words, neurons seemed to become more sensitive to social cues during isolation. This was also manifested in behavior: the mice released from the "loners" were more sociable than those that did not sit there. If the activity of nerve cells was suppressed artificially, then the animals did not show any burst of social activity.

Curiously, the behavioral response accompanying changes in the functioning of neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus also depended on the social status of the mouse itself: those who occupied a higher position in the group began to communicate especially strongly after a period of forced loneliness. In general, everything is like with people: among Homo sapiens, the most popular "individuals" also do not think of themselves outside of society, well, and those who are not very popular generally sometimes prefer to stay in some deserted place - all the worries are less.

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