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Books and articles / And then came the inventor
According to Munchausen, the fox he caught managed to jump out of his own skin. Let's leave this hunting story to the baron's conscience. But something similar happens with inventive problems! So the hunt for an answer began, a technical contradiction was caught, and, it would seem, the answer is already in hand ... But then the answer suddenly slips away. Even firmly clinging to a technical contradiction, one cannot be sure that the answer is caught. One and the same technical contradiction can, in principle, be overcome by many different methods. Technical contradictions are caused by one or another physical reason: in the depths of technical contradiction lies a physical contradiction. It looks like this: "This part of the technical system must have property A in order to perform one action, and must have the opposite anti-A property in order to perform another action." Note that a technical contradiction refers to the entire system or several parts of it, while a physical one only refers to one part. This makes it much easier to get to the answer. Take, for example, problem 5 - about removing sand from parts. The physical contradiction in this problem is: "The grains of sand must be solid in order to clean the parts, and the grains of sand must be non-solid (liquid or gaseous) so that they can be easily removed from the cleaned part." As soon as such a contradiction is formulated, the answer becomes obvious: we need a technique to "change the state of aggregation", just this technique, and no other! Let the "grains" be from dry ice: solid when cleaning parts, these "grains" then turn into gas themselves. In problem 6 (about holes in a rubber tube), the physical contradiction is almost the same: "The tube must be solid so that it is easy to drill holes in it, and the tube must be soft in order to remain elastic." The reception is the same: we freeze the tube (or, having filled it with water, we freeze the water), and after the holes are made, we heat it. There are special rules that allow, when analyzing a problem, to move step by step from a technical contradiction to a physical one. But often a physical contradiction can be formulated immediately, directly from the conditions of the problem. Problem 12. DROPS ON THE SCREEN The laboratory investigated the process of electric welding. Scientists were interested in how a metal rod inserted into an arc melts, and how the arc itself changes in this case. They turned on the arc, shot a movie, watched it. And then it turned out that only the arc is visible on the screen. It is brighter than metal drops, so they are not visible. We decided to repeat the experience. They turned on the second arc, which was brighter, directed its light to the drops of metal, and shot the film again. Now only drops of metal were visible (they were highlighted by a bright second arc), and the first arc, less bright, was not on the screen. The researchers thought: what to do? .. And then an inventor appeared. "Typical physical contradiction," he said. - The fact is that... So what is the physical contradiction here? And how to overcome it? After carefully reading the conditions, one can easily formulate a physical contradiction. The second arc must be, otherwise the metal drops are not visible, and the second arc must not be, otherwise we will not see the first arc. The technical contradiction is usually formulated mildly, for example: in order to increase the speed of a truck, it is necessary to reduce the weight of the transported cargo. Speed conflicts with carrying capacity, but it is possible that some kind of compromise is possible. In a physical contradiction, the conflict is extremely acute. However, the world of invention has its own laws: the sharper the conflict is formulated, the easier it is to overcome it... The arc illuminating the drops of metal cannot be and not be at the same time. So, it must either be, or not be - flash and go out. Then on some frames of the film there will be only drops of metal, and on others - only an arc. When the film is shown, both "plots" are combined: we will see both an arc and drops. Conflicting claims are separated here in time. You can also separate them in space. Recall the solution to the pipe problem: a steel sheet is partially cut, that is, there is a cut in some places, but not in others. There is also a more cunning way of combining the incompatible: we give the object one property, and its parts - another, opposite. At first glance, it seems incredible - how to build a white pyramid from black cubes ?! But here is a bicycle chain: each of its links is rigid, unbending, but on the whole the chain is flexible... In a word, physical contradictions, demanding to combine the incompatible, do not lead to a dead end, but facilitate the path to solving the problem. For example, problem 10 - "softening" water - is difficult to solve. It is not even clear what to cling to. Let us formulate a physical contradiction. The pool must be filled with water and must be filled with something softer so that the athlete does not get injured in a failed jump. What is softer than water? Gas, air. Conclusion: it is necessary to fill the pool ... with air. It may seem that we have reached a dead end. The water holds the swimmer, but it is "hard" on impact. The gas is "soft", but you can't jump into a pool filled with gas (that is, empty). Having revealed the contradiction, we sharpened the problem, but, oddly enough, a spark of an answer flared up in the distance. Well, let it be both at the same time! Let the athlete jump into a "mixture" of water and air, into "carbonated" water. This is how the Soviet inventors solved the problem, having received copyright certificate No. 1127604, according to which the water under the tower - before the jump - is "carbonated", passing air bubbles. The contradiction is eliminated: "carbonated" water remains water, but the blow against it is almost imperceptible. Pay attention to what zigzag had to be done on the way to the solution. In the conditions of the problem, "water" is given - and the answer is not visible. We switched to "anti-water", that is, to gas, air. The task seemed to become even more difficult. The next mental move: you need to combine "water" and "ant and water". It was only here that the idea of a solution began to emerge. Problem 13. THIN AND THICK The plant received an order for the manufacture of a large batch of oval glass plates with a thickness of 1 millimeter. Rectangular blanks were cut, it remained to smooth their edges so that ovals were obtained. But when processed on a grinding machine, thin plates often broke. “We need to make the plate thicker,” the worker complained to the foreman. "No way," the master replied. - We were ordered thin plates... And then an inventor appeared. - A physical contradiction! he exclaimed. - Blanks must be thick and thin. This contradiction can be divided in time: workpieces will become thicker during processing... Task 14. HOW TO BREAK OUT OF THE DEADLOCK? The plant began to produce a new mechanism - and immediately there were unforeseen difficulties. One part of the mechanism was made from a steel plate. A current was passed through the workpiece, heating the metal to 1200 degrees. The red-hot plate was pressed, giving it the desired shape. And it turned out that at temperatures above 800 degrees, the surface of the workpiece quickly deteriorates: air is harmful to the metal. The shop manager urgently called a meeting. “The situation is like in a fairy tale,” he said. - If you go to the left, it will be bad, if you go to the right, it will be even worse ... The workpiece must be heated to 1200 degrees, otherwise it will not be processed. And you can not heat above 800 degrees, otherwise you will spoil the surface of the metal. - Everything is very simple! exclaimed the youngest engineer. - It is necessary to heat up to 1000 degrees. to medium temperature. “It won’t work,” the old master objected. - And we will spoil the plates - the heating is still higher than the permissible one, and we will not be able to process it - the temperature is low. - A tricky task, - the foreman sighed. - And it must be solved quickly, right now. And then an inventor appeared. “There is a solution,” he said. What do you think: what did the inventor propose? Problem 15. A STRONG SPRING Imagine that you need to compress a coil spring (its length is 10 centimeters, its diameter is 2 centimeters), put it flat between the pages of a book and close the book so that the spring does not unclench. You can compress the spring with two fingers. But then you have to unclench your fingers, otherwise you will not close the book. And the spring will open... Engineers faced such a situation when assembling one device. It was necessary to compress the spring, lay it and close the lid. How to do this so that the spring does not unclench? - To tie? one engineer said. “Otherwise, you won’t overstretch this spring. "You can't," said another. - The spring inside the appliance must be free. And then an inventor appeared. - Wonderful! he exclaimed. - The spring must be free and not free, compressed and not compressed. Since there is a contradiction, it means that we face an inventive task. How would you solve this problem?
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