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BOOKS AND ARTICLES
THE ERA OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS BOAT+BOAT=?
Books and articles / And then came the inventor
In technical history books, the XNUMXth century is referred to as the age of steam. The first half of the XNUMXth century was the century of electricity. And what century does our time belong to? There is no consensus here. Some say - the age of the atom. Others are the space age. Maybe the age of chemistry? Or - the age of electronics? If an engineer who lived at the beginning of the 150th century saw the technology of our day, he would, perhaps, first of all be struck by a sharp increase in the size of the machines already familiar to him. Cars with a capacity less than a wagon have turned into powerful dump trucks, easily carrying 200-XNUMX tons, into supergiants, carrying an entire drilling rig. Planes that could hardly lift two or three passengers grew into gigantic airbuses. Colossal tankers with a displacement of half a million tons appeared. Turbines, cranes, locomotives, buildings, excavators, various research facilities - everything has become dozens of times larger. It would seem that it doesn't matter - one hundred trucks with a capacity of one and a half tons each or one truck carrying one and a half hundred tons? The carrying capacity is the same, but the service of the super-truck requires twenty times fewer people, and loading and unloading is ten times faster. Many inventive problems arise precisely because of the rapid increase in the size of machines. Here is one of those tasks. Problem 16. AFTER THE ACCIDENT
A heavy transport aircraft made an emergency landing on a plowed field XNUMX kilometers from the airfield. The aircraft was unloaded, the damage was examined: cracks, dents, the skin was torn off in places. It is necessary to deliver the aircraft to the airfield, to the repair shop. But the plane weighs over a hundred tons. Such a machine must be transported very carefully so that there is no additional damage. Experts gathered for a meeting. If the plane was smaller, everything would be simple ... - What is there to think! exclaimed the student trainee. Nobody invited him to the meeting, but he had an idea that he really wanted to express. - You can't do without an airship. Let's pick up the plane - and ... “Young man,” one of the specialists said sadly, “there are no airships with such a carrying capacity. Yes, and you can’t lift an emergency plane into the air. So - no airships! And then an inventor appeared. “I disagree,” he said. - The airship is needed and not needed. The plane must be lifted and it is not necessary to lift ... And he explained how to meet conflicting demands. Try to guess: what did the inventor propose? Machines are growing rapidly, but not limitlessly. They increase ten, twenty, hundred times... However, there comes a point when further growth becomes unprofitable. Then one machine unites with another - a new technical system arises, small, but having reserves for growth. Let's remember the history of the ship. The first ships were propelled by oars. At first they built ships with one row of oars, then larger ones - with oars in two, three, four rows ... In ancient Rome, they once built a ship with thirty rows of oars! It was difficult for the rowers to work the oars in concert. And the oars themselves became very heavy: the distance from the upper rows to the water exceeded twenty meters. And then there were paddle-sailing ships. Their size also increased, but not due to the heap of oars. Now sails were being improved, and gradually it was fun - sailing ships became sail-oared, and then purely sailing. The rapid growth of sailing equipment began: they increased the number of masts, their height, made the sails wider, installed additional sails between the masts ... Then a sail-steam ship was created, and everything repeated: sail-steam ships gradually gave way to steam-sail, and then and pure steam. Every time when A and B unite into the AB system, something fundamentally new arises, possessing qualities that A and B do not have separately. Even if the system is formed according to the A + A scheme, the sum is still not 2A, but something more. One boat plus one boat, combined into a system, is no longer two boats, but a catamaran with higher stability, "non-overturning - bridge". This most important feature of systems is clearly seen in the weevil problem. Problem 17. THERMOMETER FOR WELVIES
One day, scientists gathered to discuss how to deal with the long-nosed beetle. And then it turned out that the conditions for the existence of the beetle are still very poorly studied. No one knew, for example, what the body temperature of a weevil was. “The bug is small,” said one scientist, “you can’t measure it with an ordinary thermometer. “We’ll have to develop a special device,” agreed another. We're wasting a lot of time... And then an inventor appeared. "We don't need any new instruments," he said. - Take an ordinary... What do you think the inventor proposed?
This problem was published in Pionerskaya Pravda, and the word "glass" was added to the text. The inventor said: "Take an ordinary glass ..." Half of the answers sent by readers said: "We must take a glass, fill it with water, throw a weevil into it and measure the temperature with an ordinary thermometer." Of course, this is the wrong answer: the little weevil will hardly change the temperature of the water. Psychological inertia let me down: since there is a glass, let's fill it with water, that's why it exists ... In tasks, there are often words - traps that lead to wrong ideas. Therefore, in the theory of inventive problem solving there is a very important rule: it is necessary to remove all special terms from the conditions of the problem, replacing them with simple words. If, for example, the problem mentions "micrometric screw", you can replace these words with simpler ones - "a rod that moves very accurately." The word "screw" disappeared - and it immediately became clear that the solution is not necessarily connected with "screwing in". However, we will talk about this later. Now back to the task. You need to fill a glass, box or bag with weevils and measure the temperature with an ordinary thermometer. One hundred weevils, brought together, form a system with new properties. The dimensions of this system are much larger than the dimensions of its individual parts, so temperature measurement does not present any difficulties. In each issue of the bulletin of inventions, you can find technical innovations, which consist in the fact that the same or different objects are combined into one system (remember: this is already the sixth technique in your collection). Here, for example, copyright certificate No. 408586: boiler units, which were previously located in a line, were proposed to be assembled into a "heap" - into one block. Construction is simplified, the length of water and steam lines is reduced, one chimney is enough for the entire block. Heat is constantly released in the feed storages, the premises have to be cooled. And rooms for animals, on the contrary, need to be heated. In author's certificate No. 251801, it is proposed to combine these buildings: the heat of the feed storages will heat the premises for livestock. Please note: to form a system, you need to connect objects so that a new property appears. For example, if you simply install a snowmobile (or a motorcycle) on a motorboat, there will be no invention. But the inventor, who received US patent No. 3935832, managed to save one engine: the boat is driven by the snowmobile's engine. It's already a system. A hunter sometimes needs to have two guns with different charges - a shot and a bullet. But hunting with two guns is inconvenient: I prepared to shoot from one gun, but it took a second one, I need to change guns, but there is no time ... To tie two guns together? Once upon a time they did. And then they guessed: in the new system there are many identical parts, you can "reduce" them. In fact, why does the "bundle" need two butts ?! The superfluous parts were "reduced", the result was a modern double-barreled shotgun. Another (very beautiful!) example. At metallurgical plants, waste - ash and slag - is transported by water through pipes. A dense crust quickly forms on the inner walls of the pipes, it has to be removed manually. Many engineers thought about this, but could not come up with anything. And other engineers at that time were struggling with the problem of preserving the pipes through which coal waste is "fused". Sharp pieces of coal scratch the metal, it was not possible to prevent the wear of the pipes. Inventor Mikhail Ivanovich Sharapov proposed to form a single system from these pipes. First, ash and slag go through the pipes. A crust forms on the walls. Then coal waste is passed through the same pipes - they rip off this crust. And again go ash and slag... And now for the exercise. Problem 18. Topsy-turvy The plant received an order for the production of large glass filters in the form of cylinders with a diameter of one and a height of two meters. Straight through holes should have gone along the filter. The engineers looked at the drawing and gasped: thousands of thin holes must be made in each filter. How do you make these holes? - the chief engineer asked his subordinates. - Really drill? - Maybe, to heat a long needle? .. - the young engineer said uncertainly. And then an inventor appeared. - No drills or needles needed. Everything must be done topsy-turvy,” he said. - Take... What did the inventor suggest, what do you think? There is a hint in the problem: you need to do the opposite. We will not make holes in the cylinder, but we will make a cylinder ... from holes. Let's take glass tubes, put them together - and a cylinder with holes is ready. You can take not tubes, but glass rods; put together, they also form a cylinder with holes. Squeeze a dozen pencils with your hand - that's the filter model. Such a filter is not only easy to manufacture - it can be quickly disassembled and reassembled.
By the way, pay attention: this invention combines two methods. The solid cylinder is replaced by many thin tubes - this technique is called crushing. And then a system was assembled from the tubes - a combination reception. Such combinations (technique and antitechnique) are often used in solving inventive problems. After all, the contradiction is "double" (should be - should not be, necessary - not necessary), therefore the key to such a contradiction must be "double".
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