Spinoza. Meaning, origin, examples of the use of phraseological units

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Winged words, phraseological units. Meaning, history of origin, examples of use

Winged words, phraseological units

Directory / Winged words, phraseological units

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Spinoza

Benedict Spinoza

Phraseologism: Spinoza.

Meaning: 1. Philosopher. 2. Dancer.

Origin: In Russia in the 1890th century this word meant not only the name of a famous Dutch philosopher, but also (colloquially) a dashing dancer whose choreographic skill was on the verge of a circus trick. For example, in A.P. Chekhov: "I am not some Spinoza to make a pretzel with my feet" (the story "The Wedding", 1869). The original source is the surname of the Spanish grotesque ballet dancer Leon Espinosa, who in 1872-70. was a member of the ballet troupe of the Bolshoi Theater and was a huge success with the public. Subsequently, his name in the bourgeois and merchant circles of Moscow turned into "Spinoza" and became a household name (90-1632s of the XIX century) for every kind of clever dancer. Of course, the philosopher Benedict Spinoza (1677-XNUMX) has nothing to do with such a "Spinoza".

Random phraseology:

The fish rots from the head.

Meaning:

Corruption begins with the authorities and is covered by them.

Origin:

From Latin: Piscis primum a capite foetat. Literally: The fish begins to smell from the head. In this form, it is first found in the writings of the ancient Greek historian, philosopher and writer Plutarch (c. 45 - c. 127).

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Interaction of photons with pairs of atoms 25.08.2021

Scientists from the Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne (EPFL) have for the first time forced photons to interact with pairs of atoms. This breakthrough is important for the field of resonator quantum electrodynamics (QED), an advanced field that underpins quantum technologies.

Humanity is moving towards the widespread use of technologies based on quantum physics. But to achieve this, you first need to master how to make light interact with matter - or, to be more precise, photons with atoms. To some extent, the advanced field of resonator quantum electrodynamics (QED) is responsible for such technologies. Now it is already used in quantum networks and quantum information processing. But there is still a long way to go. The current interactions of light and matter are limited to single atoms, which limits the ability of humans to study them in the form of complex systems involved in quantum technologies.

In the new work, the researchers used a Fermi gas (or Fermi-Dirac ideal gas). This is a gas consisting of particles that satisfy the Fermi-Dirac statistics, that is, they have a small mass and a high concentration. For example, electrons in a metal. “In the absence of photons, gas can be obtained in a state where atoms interact with each other, forming loosely bound pairs,” explains Jean-Philippe Brantou from the EPFL School of Basic Sciences. “When light enters a gas, some of these pairs turn into chemically bonded molecules, being absorbed photons".

The key concept of the new effect is that it happens "coherently". This means that a photon is absorbed to turn a couple of atoms into a molecule, then emitted back and so on several times. The para-photon system forms a new type of particle state, which is called pair polariton-polariton. This was made possible by a system where photons are trapped in one place, where they have to interact strongly with atoms.

Hybrid pair polaritons acquire some of the properties of photons. This means that they can be measured by optical methods. They also take on some of the properties of a Fermi gas.

In the future, the technology will come in handy in quantum chemistry: scientists have demonstrated for the first time how certain chemical reactions can be coherently produced using single photons.

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