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Kulibin
Kulibin I.P.
Phraseologism: Kulibin.
Meaning: A common noun for all kinds of enthusiastic inventors who, as a rule, work alone without special education (jokingly ironic).
Origin: Ivan Petrovich Kulibin (1735-1818) - a famous Russian nugget inventor, self-taught mechanic. He designed and built a model of a single-arch bridge across the Neva River with a span of 298 meters, created a "mirror lantern" (a prototype of a searchlight), a semaphore telegraph, improved glass grinding for optical instruments, and also invented many other mechanisms and technical innovations.
Random phraseology:
Landscape after the battle.
Meaning:
About the situation that has developed after a showdown, conflict, scandal, etc.
Origin:
From Polish: "Krajobraz po battle". The title of a story (1949) by the Polish writer Tadeusz Borowski (1922-1951) and a film made (1970) by the Polish film director Andrzej Wajda (b. 1926) based on the prose of T. Borovsky. Thanks to the adaptation of the story, this expression has become popular. |
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| Random news from the Archive The effectiveness of exercise depends on the time of day
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A lot depends on the biological clock in our body, including metabolism - according to some estimates, at least half of the metabolic processes are subject to circadian rhythms. But in this case, the metabolism should respond differently to exercise depending on when we do it.
Researchers from the Weizmann Institute observed mice by having them run on a treadmill that moved in different modes (mice are nocturnal animals, and they ran on a treadmill when they were naturally awake). It turned out that, in general, mice cope better with physical activity in the evening, towards the end of their mouse day. But this difference disappeared if one of the genes that regulate circadian rhythms was turned off in mice.
During the "evening fitness" mice in the muscles became more molecule ZMP - ribonucleotide 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide. It is known that ZMP stimulates the reactions of glycolysis - oxygen-free energy production, and the breakdown of fatty acids. (ZMP has a synthetic analogue, AICAR, which athletes take to improve endurance and is banned as a doping in official competition.) That is, due to the "evening" higher level of ZMP, the muscles received more energy, and the mice showed better results on running track.
The matter was not limited to mice: the researchers brought twelve volunteers to the laboratory, and it turned out that people have a similar pattern - if they exercised in the evening, the body consumed less oxygen. And this means that the muscles worked with greater efficiency.
Similar results were obtained by employees of the University of California at Irvine. They analyzed substances formed during muscle metabolism and the activity of various genes that are related to glycolysis and fat breakdown. One of the genes that affects energy responses encodes the HIF-1alpha protein, which, depending on the level of oxygen in the tissues, regulates the work of other metabolic genes. It turned out that the activity of HIF-1alpha itself changes depending on the time of day, and, accordingly, metabolism in the muscles occurs differently.
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