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Art and culture / Music, vocals / Special musical terms

(3)

LAD

TONE

(4)

GLAS - in ancient Russian church singing, a melodic scale

GENRE

KEY

CODA - the final section of the work

METER - the order of alternation of strong and weak beats

NOTE

OPUS

RHYTHM

HEARING

TACT

SUBJECT

PACE

(5)

VOCAL

GAMMA

VOICE - a separate part in a vocal ensemble

DUOL - rhythmic division

ZAPEV

MAJOR - fret

MELOS - song melody

MINOR - fret

MOTIVE

CHANT

NUMBER - individual performance

NUANCE

FORM

PAUSE

SINGING

REMOTE - music stand

PLAY

TIMBRE

TRILL - a type of melisma

TUTTI - performance of a work by the entire composition of the orchestra, choir

FINAL - the final section of the work

PHRASE

(6)

CHORD

ACCENT

ZATAKT - the beginning of a piece of music

CLAVIR - transcription of the score for singing and piano

KNEE - musical passage in dance

COUPLET

LIRIC

MELISM - melodic decoration

HOUSEHOLD - in the Orthodox Church: a collection of everyday texts sung in the service

OCTAVE

THE CONSIGNMENT

PASSAGE - a sequence of sounds in rapid motion

PERIOD

CHORUS

SIZE

CHORUS

TONIC - the main stable sound of the fret

UNISON

FIGURE

caesura - a pause between parts of a piece of music

(7)

AGOGIKA - slight change of pace

INTERMISSION

VIRTUOSO

LAMENTO - melodic style

WINNER

MELODY

MELOMAN

MENZURA - types of rhythmic articulation in the medieval system of recording music

METRICA - a set of manifestations of a meter in a work

MORDENT - a type of melisma

NOTATION

OVERTONE

ROCK OUT - completion of a song or romance

plagiarism - borrowing

SEMITONE

SINGING - melodic turnover

REPRISE - repetition of a motive

SEPTOL - rhythmic figure

SYNCOPE

STRETTA - 1) type of imitation, 2) final at an accelerated pace

STEP - the sound of the musical scale

FACTORY - the sound image of the work

FORSHLAG - a type of melisma

(8)

ARPEGGIO - playing the sounds of a chord randomly

VARIATION

HARMONY - expressive means of music

RANGE

DYNAMICS

SCALE

IMITATION

INTERVAL

CADENCE (cadence) - a melodic turn that completes the work

FORK

ROSIN - means for rubbing the bow

LIBRETTO

MELODIC

MELODIST

METRONOME

MUSICIAN

OBLIGATO - an obligatory part of any instrument in an ensemble work

OSTINATO - repeated repetition of a theme

SONGWRITER

PRELUDE - introduction

SEXTOL - rhythmic figure

CONSONANCE

SONORIC - a type of modern technique of musical composition

SUBMOTIV - part of the motive

SCENARIO - libretto

OVERTURE

EXERSIS - a system of exercises

(9)

BELCANTO - vocal style

HOMOPHONY - a type of polyphony

GROUPETTO - a type of melisma

DIATONICS - a system of intervals

DISSONANCE

DOMINANT

INTONATION

CACOPHONIA - a chaotic combination of musical sounds

CANTILENA - melody

CONSONANCE - a coordinated combination of musical sounds

LEITMOTIV - the main motive

MODULATION

MUSICOLOGIST

NONACCORD - a chord of five sounds

TREATMENT

SCORE

POLYPHONY

PROGRAM - list of concert numbers

PSALMODY - a way of singing psalms

TESSITURA - high-altitude level of the party

SOBRIOUS - a chord of three sounds

FIORITURA - a passage in a vocal work

CHROMATISM - halftone system of intervals

(10)

ALEATORICA - a method of musical composition

alteration - change in tone

ENTERPRISE

IMPRESARIO

COLORATURA - virtuoso passages in the vocal part

COMPOSITION

OSMOGLASIIE - a system of voices in Byzantine and Old Russian church music

UNDER VOICE

POINTILLISM - a method of composition

SEPTACCHORDE - a chord of four notes

SOLFEGIO - vocal exercises for ear development

TABULATura - music recording system (XIV-XVIII centuries)

PHILHARMONIC - concert organization

(11)

ENTREPRENEUR

ARRANGEMENT

HETEROPHONIA - simultaneous sounding of variants of one melody

DISHARMONY

DODECAPHONIA - a method of composing music

INTRODUCTION - type of overture

COUNTERPOINT - a type of polyphony

CONTROCTAV - part of the scale

CULMINATION

SINGLE VOICE

ORCHESTRATION

ORNAMENT - decoration of a vocal work

PENTATONICS - a type of sound system

LIGHT MUSIC

SEXTACCORD - triad

SOLMIZATION - a method of learning to sing from notes

KEY

(12)

ATONALITY - the absence of a traditionally interpreted tonality in a work

DURATION

IMPROVISATION

POLYPHONY

MONOTHEMATISM - the principle of composition of a work

MUSIC KNOWLEDGE

SECONDACCHORD - see Seventh chord

(13)

ACCOMPANIMENT

CONDUCTING

CONSERVATORY - educational musical institution

MUSIC MAKING

(14)

INSTRUMENTATION

(15)

POLITONALITY - simultaneous sounding of chords of several keys

TERZKVARTAKKORD - see Seventh chord

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We know that in addition to "bad" fat, there is also "good" fat. We are talking about two types of adipose tissue, white and brown: if white fat cells store fat molecules, thereby causing us to get fat, then brown fat cells, on the contrary, burn fat reserves with the release of heat. Since it turned out that brown fat is present not only in animals and infants, but also in adults, it has been actively studied, trying to find a way to stimulate the activity of brown adipose tissue cells - so it would be possible solve the problem of obesity and its accompanying metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

There is no shortage of suggestions here: brown fat is affected by hormones, immune cells, and special neurons; in addition, you can activate it with physical exercises or simply by going out into the cold (as we just said, fats in it are burned with the formation of heat, and one of the functions of brown adipose tissue is thermoregulation). Researchers from the University of Leiden have found a very simple way to keep brown fat in good shape - it turns out that you just need to sit less in the evenings in artificial light.

It is known that the stimulation of brown fat occurs with the participation of the b3 adrenergic receptor - when it is activated, the cells burn more lipids and generate more heat. Patrick Rensen and his colleagues found that if mice are kept under artificial light for 16 or even 24 hours a day, their receptor activity decreases, and, accordingly, brown fat cells begin to work worse, and lipid molecules are sent into storage white fat. With mice in which daylight hours lasted the standard 12 hours, nothing like this happened. (Mice are crepuscular animals, which means that daylight hours are like night for us.) As a result, mice kept in the light for a long time accumulated 25-50% more fat, although animals from all groups were fed the same amount of food and physical activity. they were also the same.

Of course, the point here is not in the artificial light itself, but in the daily rhythm, which deteriorates due to illumination at inopportune times: the biological clock says that it should be night for a long time, but the eyes continue to see the light. Of course, we will still fall asleep, albeit with artificial lighting, but this will still be reflected in the biological clock. It is known that even if you go to bed at the right time, it is still bright lighting that accompanies us to the last, in itself can cause harm. Well, the fact that a disrupted circadian rhythm is associated with obesity has long been confirmed by both experiments and clinical studies. According to some reports, too long daylight hours provokes obesity even more than malnutrition. And, apparently, the effect here is not least due to the improper functioning of brown fat. Its interaction with the biological clock in the brain is carried out through the sympathetic nervous system: if brown adipose tissue was disconnected from the sympathetic nerve pathways, then the effect was the same as with a circadian rhythm disorder - brown cells stopped burning lipids.

Whether there is a similar relationship between brown fat activity and circadian rhythm in humans remains to be seen. Similar results were obtained two years ago by specialists from Vanderbilt University, who found that insulin sensitivity in cells depends on the time of day, and that when the circadian rhythm is disturbed, cells begin to live on glucose alone, laying fat in reserve. The result is overweight. These experiments were also done on animals; on the other hand, we repeat, medical statistics show that in humans, a disturbed circadian rhythm is often accompanied by various bad physiological effects, including in metabolism. Also here one cannot but recall an article published at the end of last year in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, which discussed how the radiation from the screens of electronic devices confuses our biological clock.

In general, those who want to lose weight can be recommended not only to eat right, but also to go to bed on time - or at least not to abuse all kinds of gadgets before going to bed.

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