Lucius Annaeus Seneca (the Younger). The most famous aphorisms

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APHORISMS OF FAMOUS PEOPLE
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Aphorisms of famous people. Lucius Annaeus Seneca (the Younger)

Aphorisms of famous people

Free library / Aphorisms of famous people

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Lucius Annaeus Seneca (the Younger). The most famous aphorisms

To be a slave to oneself is the hardest slavery.
In favors, the creditor should be chosen with more care than in money.
Power over oneself is the highest power, enslavement to one's passions is the most terrible slavery.
Entering into an argument with someone, we recognize him as our opponent, and therefore equal to ourselves, even if we win in a skirmish.
All cruelty comes from weakness.
Anger is the most feminine and childish of vices. - "However, it is also found in husbands." - "Of course, because husbands also have a feminine or childish character."
Anger makes more courageous only those who, without anger, did not know at all what courage is.
The future is unknown, live now!
Money should be managed, not served.
The spirit will achieve everything that he orders himself.
If you want to subordinate everything to yourself, first subordinate yourself to reason.
The law should be concise so that even ignorant people can easily remember it.
And after a bad harvest, you need to sow again.
Those who have nothing to hope for have nothing to despair of.
We do not get a short life, but we make it such. We are not poor in life, but use it wastefully. Life is long if it is used skillfully.
Whoever despises his own life has become the master of yours.
A small loan makes a person your debtor, a large one an enemy.
The reward for high deeds lies in themselves.
Hope for a fair decision, but be prepared for an unfair one.
Not the beautiful one whose hand or leg is praised, but the one whose whole appearance will not allow admiring individual features.
Some unwritten laws are stronger than all written ones.
Few hold on to slavery, most hold on to their slavery.
No one with a sound mind is afraid of the gods, since it is unreasonable to fear the saving, and no one loves those who are afraid.
The novelty often delights more than the grandeur.
Treat the lower as you would like to be treated by the higher.
The commander can punish individual soldiers to the fullest extent, but if the whole army is guilty, he will have to show indulgence. What keeps a wise man from anger? Abundance of sinners.
Stop reproaching philosophers with wealth: no one condemned wisdom to poverty.
To command oneself is the greatest power.
It is more useful to know a few wise rules that could always serve you than to learn many things that are useless to you.
Equality of rights is not that everyone uses them, but that they are provided to everyone.
The heaviest and indomitable by nature characters are patient to caress. Not a single creature rushes in fright at the one who strokes it.
Weak in spirit is the one who cannot afford wealth.
Shame sometimes forbids what the laws do not forbid.
Good directions are just as useful as good examples.
Honor those who tried to do great things, even if they failed.

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Tolerance for dissonance comes with age 05.04.2015

Age-related changes in hearing are usually explained by the fact that special receptors in the inner ear die off, which catch sound vibrations and turn them into a nerve signal. As you know, sound first enters the eardrum, from it it passes to the auditory ossicles (hammer, anvil and stirrup), and from them, in turn, to the inner ear filled with liquid. Here, on the membranes of the organ of Corti, there are hair cells that react to fluctuations in the liquid medium: their hairs deviate, activating ion channels in the cell membrane. As a result of complex neurochemical processes, a mechanical vibration is converted into a neurochemical impulse, which is sent to the brain's auditory analyzer.

If there are few such hair cells, if they break down and work poorly, then hearing becomes worse: for example, we stop distinguishing high frequencies. However, there are other changes that happen in our hearing aid with age - in the brain itself, the cells responsible for processing the sound signal begin to react differently to it. In particular, their temporal activity changes: different groups of neurons, which turn on in a certain sequence in response to sound, suddenly move out of their usual "schedule". How can this affect the perception of sounds?

More recently, Oliver Bones and his colleagues at the University of Manchester have shown that the behavior of neurons over time determines the perception of sound consonances and dissonances. It would be logical to assume that age-related changes in the temporal activity of nerve cells will affect how a person hears music. To test their hypothesis, the researchers asked dozens of volunteers to rate several audio intervals on a scale from "very pleasant" to "very unpleasant". The intervals themselves ranged from a small second, which sounds very sharp, to a harmonious pure fifth (the usual uniform tempered system of European music was taken as the basis).

Then the same intervals were listened to again, but now the participants of the experiment simultaneously recorded the activity of groups of neurons from the brainstem (the same ones that distinguish dissonances from consonances). As the authors of the work in the Journal of Neuroscience write, in young people, the temporal coding of euphonies and dissonances worked perfectly. What could not be said about elderly people or people approaching old age (that is, over 40 years old) - their time differences in neural activity on consonances and dissonances were not too great. And this was reflected in the perception of intervals: older people were not as much irritated by dissonances as young people, and, on the contrary, they received less pleasure from consonances. It is worth noting that none of the participants in the experiment played any instrument and none of them tried to study music for at least the last five years, so it would be interesting to repeat the same experiment, but with professional musicians.

On the one hand, the results obtained suggest that age-related hearing changes are much more complex, that we not only begin to hear worse, but also perceive what we hear differently. On the other hand, does this mean that with age we may suddenly like dissonant music, which XX and XXI centuries. especially rich? Hardly. Indeed, in order to feel dissonance well, we must feel consonance well, and older people, as was said, are generally worse at distinguishing dissonance from consonance. However, the perception of music is still not reduced to just distinguishing between euphonious and dissonant chords, so it would not be entirely correct to say that older people in general hear music worse.

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