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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Common hazel (hazelnut). Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Common hazel (hazelnut), Corylus avellana. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Corylus Family: Betulaceae (birch) Origin: Europe, Asia, North America Area: Common hazel grows in various climatic zones, from temperate to subarctic. It is found in forests, swamps, thickets, hillsides, cliffs and coasts. Chemical composition: Common hazel contains oils, proteins, fats, starch, sugars, vitamins (especially vitamin E), minerals, flavonoids, tannins and other useful components. Economic value: Common hazel is used as food in the form of nuts and as a source of oil. It is also used to make confectionery and drinks. In addition, common hazel has medical significance: its oil is used to treat skin diseases, inflammation, stomach pain and other diseases. The hazel tree is grown for ornamental purposes and for the production of wood pulp. In some countries, hazel is used for soil and coastal remediation, as well as forage for poultry and animals. Legends, myths, symbolism: In ancient Roman mythology, hazel was associated with the goddess Juno, the goddess of female beauty and fertility. Hazel has been used in rituals related to women's health and fertility. In Celtic tradition, hazel was associated with the goddess Keridwen, the goddess of magic and mystical knowledge. It is said that she used the hazel to create her magic potion, which gave her wisdom and strength. Symbolically, hazel was associated with the concepts of wisdom, fertility, protection and good luck. In the culture of the ancient Celts, hazel was a symbol of mystical knowledge, and in the Christian tradition it was associated with the feast of the Epiphany, which is celebrated in mid-January.
Common hazel (hazelnut), Corylus avellana. Description, illustrations of the plant Common hazel, Corylus avellana L. Botanical description, history of origin, nutritional value, cultivation, use in cooking, medicine, industry
Multi-stemmed shrub 5-7 m high. The leaves are alternate, oval or rounded, serrate-toothed, pubescent along the edges. The plant is monoecious. Male flowers are collected in complex inflorescences, earrings, female - triple, with well-developed two flowers. Ovary inferior, two-celled. The fruit is a brownish-yellow nut with a dense shell, enclosed in a leaf-shaped wrapper (plus) from below. Blooms in March-April. The homeland of hazel is considered the coast of the Black Sea. In the wild, it grows almost throughout Europe, Asia Minor and the Caucasus. Hazel was introduced into cultivation in the XNUMXth century BC. Already the ancient Greeks and Romans, using wild thickets of hazel, thinned it out, leaving bushes with the largest thin-skinned nuts. So there was a selection of the most valuable forms of hazel. At present, the hazel culture is widespread in Turkey, Italy, Spain, France, the Caucasus, the Crimea, Moldova and Central Asia. The cultivars of the plant are descended from four botanical species - hazelnut, bearnut, hazelnut and pontic walnut. Hazel is frost-resistant, demanding on moisture and soil fertility. Propagated by root offspring, grafting and seedlings. Two-four-year-old seedlings are planted in the fall. Before planting, the roots are lowered into a dung mash, carefully straightened and firmly compressed with earth. They are planted at a distance of 5-7 m from each other. The plant requires good care, especially in the first years after planting: in autumn and winter - deep digging of the soil, in spring and summer - loosening and weeding. Shrubs are pruned regularly. The first pruning is carried out immediately after planting in a permanent place, the second - in November-December, when there are no leaves on the bushes, and then annually - rejuvenating. Usually, when pruning, bushes are shaped into a vase, thereby creating conditions for better lighting and airflow. The plant begins to bear fruit from four to five years; gives high yields up to ten years or more, after which the bushes are renewed. Collect nuts when they darken from below and easily fall out of the plush (depending on the variety - from August to September). They have good keeping quality and can be stored for up to a year under appropriate conditions.
The value of the hazel kernel is very high. It contains a lot of fatty non-drying oil, consisting mainly of unsaturated acids, proteins, sugars; there are fiber, iron, vitamins B1, B2, C, E, PP, carotene. Young unripe nuts are rich in vitamin C. All parts of the plant contain tannins and flavonoids, and the leaves also contain essential oil, vitamin C, carotene, alkaloids and anthocyanins. Hazel has long been known in folk medicine as a general tonic. It is used with honey for anemia, beriberi, rickets and as a means to increase lactation in nursing mothers. Recommend hazel for bronchitis, fever, hemoptysis, cholelithiasis, flatulence. It's not just the fruits that bring benefits. Decoctions of the bark and roots harvested in the spring have an astringent and antipyretic effect. Walnut oil is widely used in medicine as an antihelminthic. The kernel of the nut is white, sweetish, oily. In terms of calories, it surpasses even ceps and meat. It is eaten fresh, dried and roasted. Very tasty roasted nuts. Walnut oil, which tastes like almond oil, is highly valued in the confectionery industry. Cake after extracting the oil is the basis for the manufacture of higher grades of halva. Nut kernels are used to make chocolate, sweets, cakes, pastries, creams. From dried nuts, flour is obtained, which is added to wheat flour when baking confectionery and bakery products; a drink is prepared from it that tastes like coffee. Flour can be stored for more than two years without losing taste and nutritional value. The young leaves are also eaten. Stuffed cabbage rolls and soups are prepared from them; they are used as raw materials for the production of coffee substitutes. Walnut oil is used to make nourishing skin creams, lipsticks, soaps, as well as candles, paints and varnishes. Hazel wood is also widely used. Bent furniture, hoops, baskets, fences are made from it and branches. From wood, high-quality coal is obtained, used in pyrotechnics and for drawing; sawdust is used to clean wines and vinegar. Hazel leaves are used as animal feed. The shrub is very decorative, so it is used in landscaping parks and gardens. Thanks to a powerful root system, hazel plantings fix the slopes. In addition, hazel is a good honey plant, it gives the bees the earliest bribe. Authors: Kretsu L.G., Domashenko L.G., Sokolov M.D.
Common hazel (hazelnut). Description of the plant, area, cultivation, application
It occurs along the edges, ravines, among shrubs, clearings, in the undergrowth of mixed and deciduous forests. Shrub or tree 6-8 m high, frost- and drought-resistant, lives up to 60-80 years. The branches are covered with brown bark with characteristic white lenticels. In young shoots, the bark is grayish, pubescent. The wood is dense and durable. Roots are strongly developed. The leaves are large, rounded or oval, serrated along the edges, slightly pubescent, dark green above, light green below, alternate, short-petiolate, appear after flowering. The flowers are laid in autumn, bloom in late winter - early spring, in April. The plant is monoecious. There are male and female flowers on the same tree. Male - four forked stamens are collected in dense multi-flowered, cylindrical, drooping catkins. Female - one pistil and two stigmas are located inside the kidneys, wrapped in scales, from the tops of which protrude elongated stigmas in the form of red antennae. Pollinated by the wind. The fruits are single-seeded nuts of various shapes and sizes, brownish-yellow, with a woody shell, located in a green bell-shaped cupule. Ripen in August - September. Hazel leaves contain organic acids, essential oil, sucrose, glycosides, paraffin; bark - dyes, essential oil, tannins, alcohol. There is a lot of fat, proteins in the nuclei, there are organic acids, vitamins A, groups B, C, E, mineral salts, nitrogen-free substances, glycosides, paraffin, salts of iron, calcium. The calorie content of nuts is much higher than that of beans, soybeans, raisins, figs, milk, potatoes. Good honey plant. For economic purposes, yellow dye for leather is obtained from hazel bark, and it is used for tanning leather. Bent furniture, hoops for barrels, sieves, fishing rods, spinning rods are made from wood. Baskets are woven from young shoots. Hazel oil is used in the perfume industry. Leaves are fed to silkworm caterpillars. Hazel is planted in group plantings as an ornamental plant and as undergrowth. In nutrition, nuts are widely used in the confectionery industry. Nut flour and kernels are used to prepare fillings for sweets and other products. The cake left after the separation of the oil is processed for halva, chocolate, waffles, etc. Peanut butter. Grind walnut kernels, dilute a little with water, heat, wrap in a clean towel and put under pressure. The oil is light yellow in color, has a pleasant smell, almond or olive taste, does not smoke when burned. Ripe kernels contain up to 72% oil. Nut milk and cream. Cut the kernels of nuts, soak for 20 hours, then fry, grind or grind in a mortar with a little water, beat with cream until fluffy. Drink like cream, use to make cream for cakes, pastries. Nut cream. Beat eggs and sugar until thick in a saucepan placed in a water bath, then cool, add pieces of butter, nut cream, grind thoroughly. 3 eggs, 150 g butter, 150 g sugar, 100 g nut cream. Nut drink. Pour soaked and chopped nuts with water or milk for 4 hours, then strain. Bring the infusion to a boil, add salt and sugar to taste. 200 g of nuts, 1 liter of milk or water, sugar, salt to taste. Hazel coffee. Roast nuts, grind in a coffee grinder or mortar, add ground black coffee. Brew 1 teaspoon of the mixture with 200 ml of boiling water, bring to a boil, let stand. Add sugar to taste. Hazel tea. 1 teaspoon of dried hazel leaves brew 200 ml of boiling water. Add sugar to taste.
In folk medicine, kernels, bark, hazel leaves are used. Walnut kernels improve bowel function, promote the dissolution of kidney stones, and have a tonic, stimulating effect. Leaves and bark are used as an anti-inflammatory, vasodilator. Infusion of hazel leaves. 20 g of crushed leaves insist in 200 ml of boiling water for 4 hours, then strain. Drink 50 ml 4 times a day for varicose veins, leg ulcers, subcutaneous hemorrhages. Infusion of hazel bark. 20 g of crushed bark insist in 200 ml of boiling water for 5 hours, strain. Drink 50 ml 4 times a day with varicose veins, leg ulcers. Infusion of leaves and bark of hazel. Infuse 25 g of a crushed mixture of leaves and bark in 250 ml of boiling water for 4 hours, strain. Drink 50 ml 3-4 times a day before meals for varicose veins, trophic ulcers of the lower leg, thrombophlebitis, capillary hemorrhages:, Decoction of hazel leaves. Boil 20 g of chopped hazel leaves in 400 ml of water for 10 minutes, then leave for 30 minutes and strain. Drink 100 ml 2-3 times a day for hypertension, diseases of the kidneys, liver, diarrhea, prostatic hypertrophy. A decoction of hazelnuts. Boil 20 g of dried plush in 200 ml of water for 15 minutes, leave for 2 hours, then strain. Drink 50 ml 4 times a day for diarrhea. Thoroughly grind the kernels of nuts, mix with water. Take 50 ml 3 times a day for urolithiasis, hemoptysis, fever, colitis (200 g of walnut kernels per 200 ml of water). Thoroughly mix the nut kernels with honey. Take 25 g 3 times a day after meals for anemia (200 g of walnut kernels per 50 g of honey). Take walnut oil 2 tablespoons 3 times a day for ascaris, epilepsy, rub into the scalp to enhance hair growth. Contraindications have not been established. Harvest nuts, leaves, hazel bark. Nuts are harvested in the autumn when they are mature in cups, in which enzymatic processes continue during storage. The leaves are harvested after flowering, dried in the air. The bark is harvested in spring and autumn, dried in well-ventilated areas. Shelf life of nuts - 1 year, leaves - 1 year, bark - 2 years. Authors: Alekseychik N.I., Vasanko V.A.
Common hazel (hazel), Corylus avellana. reference Information
Family Birch, masses Dicotyledonous, department Angiosperms. Hazel grows in the undergrowth of broad-leaved and mixed forests. The height of the shrub is 2-7 m, it lives up to 90 years. Petiolate leaves are round-oval in shape, arranged alternately on the shoot. They are pubescent with hard hairs. Hazel blossoms very early, before the leaves bloom. In long hanging catkins - staminate flowers that give a lot of pollen. Pistillate flowers are similar to leaf buds, due to the scales of which purple stigmas are visible. The fruit is a nut. By the time of flowering hazel mark the onset of spring. There may still be snow, and dark crimson tendrils are already emerging from some buds. Inside the awakened buds are female flowers, and the tendrils that stick out are the stigmas of pistils that catch pollen. At the end of summer, nuts ripen in place of female flowers; they grow in pairs or trios on branches. Nut kernels are rich in starch and fat. They are loved not only by people: for jays, squirrels, wild boars, nuts are valuable food. By storing nuts for the winter, animals contribute to the spread of hazel. Young shoots, leaves and bark of hazel serve as food for beaver, elk, white hare. Round holes are visible on some nuts - these are traces of a walnut elephant - a caterpillar that eats away the kernel of a nut. Hazel provides bees with the first spring food - pollen. Since ancient times, hazel wood has been widely used in the economy. Authors: Kozlova T.A., Sivoglazov V.I.
Hazel (hazelnut, hazelnut), Corylus. Methods of application, origin of the plant, range, botanical description, cultivation
The hazel genus (Corylus L.) of the hazel family (Betulaceae) consists of 22 species. Wild plants of this genus are often called hazel or hazel, and cultivated plants are called hazelnuts. Hazelnut, apparently, is a natural hybrid between species of common hazel (Corylus avellana L), large hazel (Corylus maxima Mill.) and Pontian (Corylus pontica C. Koch.). Species of the genus are distributed in countries of the temperate and subtropical zones of the northern hemisphere. World production of hazelnuts is annually about 200-250 thousand tons, of which about 50% is produced by Turkey. There are also large hazelnut plantations in Italy, Spain, France, Azerbaijan and Cyprus. The birthplace of the hazelnut culture is in Asia Minor and the Caucasus, from here it spread throughout southern Europe, moved north, in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. brought to America. Hazelnut kernels contain up to 72% oil, up to 20% protein, up to 8% carbohydrates, 2-3% mineral salts and some vitamins. Walnut oil is used in the pharmaceutical, perfumery and food industries, halva is made from fruit cake or used as livestock feed. When cultivating, hazelnuts are a large multi-stemmed bush with a superficially located root system. The plant is monoecious, the flowers are dioecious. Most varieties are cross-pollinated, so 3-4 varieties should be planted at the same time flowering on the plantation. Frost resistance is high: plants tolerate temperatures down to minus 25 ° C, but at the same time they do not form fruits, since when the temperature drops to minus 12-15 ° C, flower buds are damaged.
Hazelnut is moisture-loving and demanding on good lighting: it grows on a wide variety of soils, but poor sandy and marsh ones are unsuitable. Lives in culture up to 180 years. Propagated by seeds, layering, dividing the bush, root offspring and grafting. When planted by vegetatively propagated seedlings, it begins to bear fruit from 4-5 years. By shaping and pruning, a bush of 8-12 trunks is obtained, basal shoots and offspring are removed in autumn and winter. A decrease in yield and drying out of skeletal branches are observed at the age of 20-30 years. When rejuvenating, old trunks are replaced with new ones from young shoots. Ripe nuts are harvested by shaking in 2-3 doses. After 2-3 days of exposure under a canopy, cleaning from the plush on a special machine and threshing, the nuts are dried in the sun. After 3-5 days, the nuts are ready for long-term storage. Store nuts at a temperature of 3-10 ° C in a dry place for a year or in a refrigerator at 0 ° C for 4 years. Subject to appropriate agricultural practices, hazelnuts produce 2 - 1 tons of nuts per XNUMX ha. Authors: Baranov V.D., Ustimenko G.V.
Common hazel. Basic information about the plant, use in cooking
Common hazel is a well-known shrub growing in deciduous mixed forests as an undergrowth. It often grows along the edges of large spreading bushes or multi-stemmed trees. It occurs throughout the forest-steppe zone. Only in Ukraine, hazel thickets occupy an area of more than a million hectares. Hazel has long been known in culture, grown in the gardens of Ancient Greece and Rome, as mentioned in the works of the ancient botanist Theophrastus. Hazel is successfully cultivated in the Caucasus and Crimea. The Ukrainian Institute of Forestry and Agroforestry is studying numerous varieties of hazel (hazelnut) for widespread introduction in Ukraine and the creation of industrial plantations. The scientific name of the hazel comes from Rome, where the wild hazel was called "corillus avellana" from the port city of Avella in Italy, which was a famous center for the hazel nut trade in the Middle Ages. Hazel fruits are nuts, the kernel of which is high in fat and protein. The oil obtained from the nut kernel is well absorbed by the human body and is widely used in a wide variety of food industries. The kernel contains about 72% light yellow fatty oil with a pleasant smell and taste. It is considered the best for the manufacture of various flour and confectionery products. The dough with an admixture of nut butter rises well, and cooked products do not stale for a long time. The nut kernel is often used to produce vegetable cream, milk and other products. To obtain nut cream, the kernels are peeled and peeled, crushed and ground in a mortar, gradually adding water in small doses. The dough-like mass is diluted with warm water and churned until cream of a uniform consistency is formed. Store cream in a cold place (refrigerator or cellar). Nut cream is used in its natural form, a very persistent and tasty cream is prepared for cakes, muffins, cakes, etc. In the same way, milk is made from the kernel of nuts, which, by the way, turns sour, giving fatty, delicious curdled milk. The bark and plush of hazel nuts contain vitamin C, tannins and dyes. Author: Reva M.L.
Common hazel (hazelnut, hazelnut). Useful information
Shrub 3-5 m high of the hazel family. Blooms in March - April. The fruit is a brownish-yellow nut, sitting in a leaf-shaped wrapper - plush. The fruits ripen in August - September. They contain 58-71% non-drying fatty oil, 14-18% proteins, 3-8% carbohydrates, carotene, biotin, vitamins B1, E, iron salts; essential oil, palmitic acid, myricitrosil, sucrose were found in the leaves; in the bark - essential oil, about 10% tanides, flobafen, lignoceryl alcohol, betulin. The fruits are eaten fresh, dried, fried, used for making cakes, pastries, creams, fillings, in the production of liqueurs. Dry fruits are ground and added to flour when baking confectionery and bread products, they are used to prepare a coffee surrogate. Fatty oil from fruits has a pleasant taste and aroma, its properties are not inferior to almond oil. It is used in food, as well as for the production of creams, lipsticks, soaps, candles, paints and varnishes. Cake after pressing the oil is used in the production of halva. Dry distillation of wood was used to obtain the healing liquid "Forest", which was used in domestic medicine for eczema and other skin diseases. In Bulgarian medicine, the bark is used for dilated veins, periphlebitis, capillary hemorrhages; leaves - with prostatic hypertrophy. In folk medicine, leaves harvested in May were used to treat liver diseases; nuts crushed with water were used for hemoptysis, nephrolithiasis, flatulence, as a lactogenic agent, for bronchitis and feverish conditions; fruits, freed from a thin brown husk, were recommended to be eaten with nephrolithiasis, and mixed with honey - with anemia and rheumatism; the bark harvested in the spring was used for malaria; a plush of fruits - with diarrhea; walnut oil - as an antihelminthic (for ascaris) and for epilepsy. To strengthen the hair, the oil was rubbed into the scalp. Crushed fruits mixed with egg white were used for burns. Pollen was used in folk veterinary medicine for the treatment of intestinal diseases. High-quality hazel pollen, rich in proteins and vitamins, is a good early spring food for bees. In folk medicine, it was used as a general tonic and for urinary incontinence (in combination with honey and a decoction of St. John's wort). Authors: Dudnichenko L.G., Krivenko V.V.
Common hazel (hazelnut), Corylus avellana. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
Ethnoscience:
Cosmetology:
Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!
Common hazel (hazelnut), Corylus avellana. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
The common hazel is a shrub or tree of the Birch family grown mainly for its tasty nuts and ornamental values. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing hazel: Cultivation:
Workpiece:
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