Spoon in a paper tube. Effective trick and its solution

EFFECTIVE FOCUSES AND THEIR CLUES
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Spoon in a paper tube. Focus secret

Spectacular tricks and their clues

Directory / Spectacular tricks and their clues

Focus Description:

Fold a narrow and long piece of paper in half on the table. Put inside it, for example, a teaspoon. Together with a spoon, twist the sheet "from the middle to the edge" into a tube. When you turn the tube back around, the spoon will not be inside the leaf, but outside.

Focus Spoon in a paper tube

Focus secret:

If you turned the tube in the same way, "only the other way around", the spoon would remain between the sheets. To make it outside - on top of a sheet folded in half - starting to unfold the tube, first unfold only one of the sheets - the bottom one - a full turn, and then unfold both sheets together. From the outside, it's practically invisible. That is why the spoon ends up in its original place, but not between the sheets, which should actually be, but on them.

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Optical gyroscope using rotating light 04.11.2018

Gyroscopes are devices by which unmanned vehicles, aircraft and portable electronic devices determine their orientation in three-dimensional space.

The first of the gyroscopes were based on massive disks rotating around their axis at high speed, but if you open any modern mobile phone, you can see that the size of the gyroscopes has been reduced to the size of a tiny chip. This was made possible through the use of a microelectromechanical sensor (MEMS), which measures the forces acting on two objects of identical mass moving in opposite directions. However, MEMS gyroscopes, due to their partially mechanical nature, have a number of limitations, including sensitivity, so scientists have developed optical versions of gyroscopes that perform the same function as MEMS gyroscopes.

Optical gyroscopes, which do not have moving mechanical parts, due to their high sensitivity, provide greater accuracy in measuring position in space using the Sagnac effect, which got its name in honor of the French physicist Georges Sagnac (Georges Sagnac). This effect is directly related to Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, and to reproduce it, a beam of light is split into two beams moving in opposite directions along a closed circular light guide.

Changing the position of the sensor, or rather turning it around the axis of movement of the light rays, causes one beam to pass in front of the sensitive element with a slight lead relative to the other. Using three ring fibers, the axes of which coincide with the axes of three-dimensional space, it is possible to calculate the current spatial orientation of the entire sensor.

The most high-precision optical gyroscopes that have been created until recently were of the size comparable to the size of a golf ball, which made their use in portable electronic devices impossible. But recently, a group of engineers and scientists from the California Institute of Technology successfully solved a problem that has long been an obstacle to the miniaturization of optical gyroscopes. The result of their work was an optical gyroscope, which is 500 times smaller than similar gyroscopes of the previous generation, and the sensing elements of the new device can register 30 times less change in the phase of light than older devices.

The possibility of such a cardinal miniaturization of the optical gyroscope became possible through the use of a new technology of "mutual sensitivity enhancement".

The term "reciprocal" indicates that the technology affects both light beams to compensate for the detrimental effects of thermal noise, light scattering effects in waveguides, and other environmental interferences. This "mutual increase in sensitivity" made it possible to increase the signal-to-noise ratio by many times, which, in turn, made it possible to reduce the size of the waveguides and reduce the size of the optical gyroscope as a whole to a size comparable to the size of a grain of rice.

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