base metals. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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base metals. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Ham Radio Technologies

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In the development and manufacture of structures or models, technological processes that improve the performance characteristics of the product and its appearance are sometimes left without due attention.

Processing technology, finishing of structures and models - this is the main issue that the editors of the magazine want to focus on when opening a new section "Technologist's Laboratory". Acquaintance with this section will allow you to improve models and designs, achieve high results at exhibitions and competitions.

Most amateur models and designs are made from metals. Knowing the properties of some of their brands largely determines the quality of the work of a particular device, part or tool. Below is a summary of the main grades of steel, copper, aluminum and their alloys.

STEEL - it still remains the main structural material for various kinds of machines and tools.

Steels are mainly divided into carbon and alloy steels. The composition of the latter includes special additives that improve the quality. Carbon have brands: Art. 0, St. 1, Art. 3, Art. 4, Art. 5, Art. 6, Art. 7, 10, 15, 20, etc. up to 85. The numbers indicate the carbon content (St. 1 - 0,01% carbon, St. 10 - 0,1%, etc.), which, in its turn, determines the properties of the metal. So, steels up to grade 25 are soldered and welded, but not hardened (they are often called "ornamental" steels). They go to the manufacture of wire, welded structures, fasteners and non-critical tools. Grades 30-60 are already being hardened (naturally, they are soldered and boiled), and grades 65-85 are used for the manufacture of springs, springs, torsion bars, etc.

There are special grades of spring steels: P, N and V.

Of particular note are the grades of tool carbon steel U7, U8. U9, U10, U12 and U13. From this group, tools are mainly manufactured (including cutting ones). U12 stands out here, commonly called "silver". At the end of the brand there may be letters: A - polished, B - finely ground, C - coarsely ground.

Alloy steels have a lot of grades. Of these, groups of the main application can be distinguished, characterized by the content of both chromium and nickel, this increases the viscosity and hardness. The presence of one nickel makes the steel tough and gives it the ability to withstand shock loads. Additives of chromium and silicon improve heat treatment and also increase viscosity.

Knowing the basic properties of these brands, you can easily choose the one that best suits this design.

The brand is indicated by a set of numbers and letters. For example, the steel grade 15ХХ14Н9 is deciphered as follows: 1,5% carbon, 14% chromium and 9% nickel.

In general, the letters for alloy steels denote: X - chromium, H - nickel, B - tungsten, K - cobalt, G (or MG) - manganese, M - molybdenum, Yu - aluminum, F (or Va) - vanadium, C - silicon . The percentage of the additive is placed after the corresponding letter.

There are several ways to approximate the grade of steel. With the help of one of them, three grade gradations can be determined: steels of low hardness (low-carbon) are filed with any file, including bastard files; medium hardness - only personal and velvet; high hardness - only velvet.

FORMS OF BEAM OF SPARKS FOR SOME GRADES OF STEEL: a - low-carbon; b - carbonaceous; c - instrumental U7 - U10; g - instrumental U12 - U13; d - chromium; e - high-speed (with chromium additive); g - spring (with silicon additive); 3 - high-speed (with cobalt additive).

Another way is based on that when processing samples on an emery wheel, each sample (brand) gives a specific beam of sparks. This method, with little skill, allows you to determine brands with relatively high accuracy. The figure shows beams of sparks during the processing of some steels.

COPPER and ALLOYS - the main metal used in radio engineering and other branches of technology in its pure form and in the form of alloys (brass, bronze, etc.).

The stamps of the most common varieties consist of several letters and numbers. So, pure copper has grades M0, M1, etc. The higher the number, the more undesirable impurities. Copper with special additives have two letters: MF1, MF2, MF3 (additive - phosphorus). Phosphoric copper is used to make conductive springs.

BRASS with zinc content are designated as follows: L62, L68, etc.; with aluminum content LA60-1, etc.; aluminum and iron - LAZH60-1-1L, etc.; lead brass - LS59, etc. Brass is used for the manufacture of bearings, bushings and some types of fittings.

Bronzes are used less in amateur practice, but some grades are resistant to corrosion in sea water.

ALUMINUM AND ALLOYS are widely used in practice. They owe this to their low weight, ease of processing and the possibility of decorative finishing. A0, A1, A2 and A3 brands are especially often used - the smaller the number, the higher the quality.

There are many brands of aluminum alloys (duralumin), and it makes no sense to list them all. However, the marking of sheet material must be known. Mark D1A is deciphered as follows: duralumin grade D1, the letter "A" indicates that. that the sheets are hot rolled. The letter "M" means annealed, "P" - semi-hardened (mechanically hardened), H - hard-worked, T - artificially aged, TV - aged with increased strength, B - unclad, on clad the inscription: "Clad" (plating - covering duralumin with a thin layer pure aluminium).

Author: L. Erlykin

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